Energy Expenditures in a High-Voltage Three-Phase AC Superconducting Cable

Protection against short circuits between buses tubes in short networks of ore-thermal furnaces is provided by means of electrical insulation. Failure of the insulation leads to an arc, and then to the complete destruction of the expensive bus tube package. Disconnection fault in the elements of a short network cause overheating of undamaged elements. Currently, emergency modes of operation of a short network are determined with indirect signs. It is impossible to use current protection for this purpose because of the existing restrictions on the number of current transformers and the place for their placement. The authors developed a current protection of short networks of ore-thermal furnaces from electrical damage on a single magnetic current transformer. The proposed protection is simple in design, it is able to identify breaks in the elements of a short network and protect them from short circuits. The location of the magnetic current transformer relative to the bus tube package is determined based on the simulation of the magnetic field. The article describes a method for simulating the components of the magnetic field of a bus tube package, which allows us to model them in operational and emergency modes with an error of no more than 10%.

IoT Adaptive Dynamic Blockchain Networking Method Based on Discrete Heartbeat Signals

The combination of blockchain technology and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought many significant advantages and new development directions. With the development of embedded technology and 5G communication technology, the performance limitations and network limitations that are traditionally believed to restrict the application of blockchain technology to IoT devices have been broken. The development of “blockchain + 5G + IoT” provides reliable data from the source for the blockchain, linking the credible mapping of physical assets and digital assets. However, at the beginning of the blockchain design, the application of the IoT was not fully considered, so there have been some obvious defects in applying the blockchain technology in the IoT. In the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm of traditional blockchain, the entire blockchain network will become paralyzed when more than 1/3 of the nodes in the network are offline. However, in IoT applications, this situation is likely to occur and greatly limits the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT. In order to solve this problem, we proposed an IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain networking method based on discrete heartbeat signals. The feature of the method is to set a different monitoring time for each group of nodes, that is, discrete heartbeat signals monitoring. When the number of nodes gradually decreases, the IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain network can dynamically adapt to this process. Even when more than 1/3 of the IoT are offline, the adaptive dynamic IoT blockchain network can maintain stable running. This method also has the advantages of a short network expectation recovery time and avoids instantaneous system paralysis caused by the thundering herd effect. This research improves the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT, and provides the necessary technical foundation for the better combination of blockchain technology and IoT technology.

Evolution of research in biomedical sciences - a network-based characterization based on PubMed

The rapid growth of scientific publications every year makes it infeasible to keep pace with and survey manually, even for a specific field. Keeping up with literature and gaining a birds-eye view in a timely manner is crucial to the pursuit of scientific discovery and innovation. To help gain a clearer understanding of the state and progress of science and the nature of discovery, one can encode key information from these publications and represent them as a network. Observations on the structural evolution of these graphs can offer valuable insights on the dynamics at play. This work describes the construction and analyses the temporal evolution of a knowledge network of keywords (specifically focusing on genes/proteins, diseases and chemicals) from publications in the biomedical sciences domain. We compare and contrast the representations and evolution of these keyword networks types and find significant differences in the network growth, largely corresponding to our intuition. Furthermore, we focus on the formation and evolution of new links, which we argue corresponds to new scientific discoveries. Our findings suggest that these links are progressively formed in short network distance, leading to clusters of extensively studied keywords. This strategy, however, seems to impede ground-breaking innovation, which could be beneficial for research progress.

Adaptive Freeshape Clustering for Balanced Energy Saving in the WirelessHART Networks

The frequent data convergecasting from the sensor nodes to the gateways may cause imbalanced energy consumption in the Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (WirelessHART) networks, yielding a short network lifetime and frequent failures in the data acquisition. Existing solutions always tend to tradeoff between the hardware cost, routing complexity, and energy consumption, making the sensor nodes suffer from expensive hardware investment, overloaded network computation, or imbalanced energy consumption. In this paper, an Adaptive Freeshape Clustering (AFC) protocol is developed for saving and balancing the energy consumption in the WirelessHART networks. In AFC, the Region of Interest (RoI) is first divided into several fan-shaped clusters. The sensor nodes in each fan-shaped cluster compete for the positions of Cell Node (CN), and the nodes that have succeeded in the competition adjust the radius of their coverages to cover the fan-shaped clusters adaptively with the minimum overlapped areas. In this way, each fan-shaped cluster can be subdivided into several freeshape zones regarding each CN’s coverage, and the CN in each cluster takes charge of convergecasting the data to the CH. The simulations show that AFC can prolong the network lifetime by 37% compared with other related schemes, e.g., HEED, FLOODING, and DIRECT, whereas it can reduce the degree of energy imbalance by 1.29%.

Wireless Sensor Networks of Infrastructure Health Monitoring for High-Speed Railway

High-speed railways (HSRs) have been widely deployed all over the world in recent years and China has entered an era with both high investments and rapid expansion of HSR transport infrastructure. One of the most challenging issues is how to keep the security and safety of millions of HSR infrastructures. Meanwhile, the emerging sensing and wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies for infrastructure health monitoring (IHM) are being substituted for traditional tethered monitoring systems. This paper presents a two-layer architecture of WSN which will be appropriate for infrastructure health monitoring of HSR. The upper layer is named as tree access network and the lower layer is called star detection network. By adapting to the special characteristics of IHM network, we design a short network address and an optimized communication frame structure, which can satisfy the actual requirements and special characteristics of the IHM network. In order to implement a better transmission performance, we propose a novel transmission power based method which adopts the knowledge update mechanism to detect the optimization result. In the end, the details of address assignment and network construction are discussed, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by a practical instance.