Gambaran Kontrol Diri Pada Siswa SMP Kota Lhokseumawe Dalam Mencegah Perilaku Seksual Pranikah

Hubungan interpersonal saat ini membuat kekhawatiran tersendiri bagi masyarakat, karena remaja sering terjerumus dalam perbuatan yang dapat melanggar batas-batas nilai yang mengarah kepada perilaku seksual pranikah. Terjadi peningkatan perilaku seksual pranikah pada remaja Aceh. Banyak remaja yang berpacaran di bawah usia 15 tahun atau disebut dengan early starter, sehingga rentan terjadi perilaku seksual pranikah. Remaja yang masa berpacaran terlalu muda dapat mudah melakukan perilaku seksual pranikah. Salah satu cara menghindari perilaku seksual pranikah adalah dengan kontrol diri. Kontrol diri terdiri dari tiga aspek yaitu kontrol kognitif, kontrol perilaku dan mengontrol keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kontrol diri dalam mencegah perilaku seksual pranikah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data diperoleh melalui kuisioner “kontrol Diri Terhadap Perilaku Seksual pranikah”. Subjek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 290 orang siswa yang diperoleh berdasarkan metode cluster random sampling yang sesuai dengan karakeristik dan dianggap mewakili siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Kota Lhokseumawe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagaian besar siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Kota Lhokseumawe memiliki kontrol diri yang rendah (62%), artinya sebagian besar siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Kota Lhokseumawe belum mampu mengatur dirinya untuk tidak melakukan perilakunya dalam mencegah perilaku seksual pranikah.

Life-Course Criminal Trajectories of Mafia Members

Through a novel data set comprising the criminal records of 11,138 convicted mafia offenders, we compute criminal career parameters and trajectories through group-based trajectory modeling. Mafia offenders report prolific and persistent careers (16.1 crimes over 16.5 years on average), with five distinct trajectories (low frequency, high frequency, early starter, moderate persistence, high persistence). While showing some similarities with general offenders, the trajectories of mafia offenders also exhibit significant differences, with several groups offending well into their middle and late adulthood, notwithstanding intense criminal justice sanctions. These patterns suggest that several mafia offenders are life-course persisters and career criminals and that the involvement in the mafias is a negative turning point extending the criminal careers beyond those observed in general offenders.

Early Starter – The Early Detection of Delinquency Risk

A social problem of interest to many scholars today is that of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a serious behavioural problem, manifested through behaviours that deviate from the moral and legal norms of society. It was noted in Europe in the last decade an increase in the number of juvenile delinquents and a decrease in the age of young people who commit acts of delinquency. This requires prevention and intervention measures to be applied as early as possible. Prevention can be achieved only when an early detection of risk is performed. One screening tool for assessing risk is The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This tool is intended to clarify, in a first rough assessment (a so-called ‘screening’) of whether a child is about to become an ‘early starter’; a child showing signs of an early onset delinquent behaviour. In the city of Sibiu the questionnaire was applied within schools and information was provided by teachers relating to 308 pupils in grades I-IV. The main perception of the target group of this study was that children who have committed crimes, but are not criminally responsible, are primarily troubled kids, not criminals with established patterns of behaviour. Consequently, the social and educational systems and not the justice system should bear the responsibility for this target group. From this perspective, it is important that social, educational and therapeutic activities focus on the various individual problems of each child and family.

Die Bedeutung von Ängstlichkeit für die Phänotypisierung dissozialer Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters

In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrt neurobiologische Marker dissozialen Verhaltens bei Kindern mit hohem Risiko für einen ungünstigen Verlauf (so genannter early-starter Subtyp der Conduct disorder, CD nach DSM-IV) identifiziert. Trotz einer Fokussierung auf diese Subpopulation innerhalb eines sehr heterogenen Störungsbildes liegen bisher widersprüchliche Befunde vor. Es deutet sich an, dass die zunehmenden methodischen Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung biologischer Marker eine detaillierte Phänotypisierung der untersuchten Stichproben notwendig macht. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit betont die Berücksichtigung komorbider Ängstlichkeit als ein potenziell wichtiges Differenzierungsmerkmal, welches zu einer konsistenteren Befundlage vor allem im Bereich neuroendokriner Studien beitragen könnte. Möglicherweise bestehen darüber hinaus auch Assoziationen zu neurostrukturellen und neurofunktionellen Veränderungen des Gehirns. Es wird weiter der Einfluss des Merkmals Ängstlichkeit auf aggressives Verhalten sowie auf die Prognose der Betroffenen aufgezeigt. Eine detaillierte psychometrische und neurobiologische Charakterisierung könnte dazu beitragen, die an dissozialen Entwicklungen beteiligten neurobiologischen Mechanismen besser zu verstehen und die Effektivität derzeitiger therapeutische Optionen zu steigern.

Using the Fast Track randomized prevention trial to test the early-starter model of the development of serious conduct problems

The Fast Track prevention trial was used to test hypotheses from the Early-Starter Model of the development of chronic conduct problems. We randomly assigned 891 high-risk first-grade boys and girls (51% African American) to receive the long-term Fast Track prevention or not. After 4 years, outcomes were assessed through teacher ratings, parent ratings, peer nominations, and child self-report. Positive effects of assignment to intervention were evident in teacher and parent ratings of conduct problems, peer social preference scores, and association with deviant peers. Assessments of proximal goals of intervention (e.g., hostile attributional bias, problem-solving skill, harsh parental discipline, aggressive and prosocial behavior at home and school) collected after grade 3 were found to partially mediate these effects. The findings are interpreted as consistent with developmental theory.

Spatial but not verbal cognitive deficits at age 3 years in persistently antisocial individuals

Previous studies have repeatedly shown verbal intelligence deficits in adolescent antisocial individuals, but it is not known whether these deficits are in place prior to kindergarten or, alternatively, whether they are acquired throughout childhood. This study assesses whether cognitive deficits occur as early as age 3 years and whether they are specific to persistently antisocial individuals. Verbal and spatial abilities were assessed at ages 3 and 11 years in 330 male and female children, while antisocial behavior was assessed at ages 8 and 17 years. Persistently antisocial individuals (N = 47) had spatial deficits in the absence of verbal deficits at age 3 years compared to comparisons (N = 133), and also spatial and verbal deficits at age 11 years. Age 3 spatial deficits were independent of social adversity, early hyperactivity, poor test motivation, poor test comprehension, and social discomfort during testing, and they were found in females as well as males. Findings suggest that early spatial deficits contribute to persistent antisocial behavior whereas verbal deficits are developmentally acquired. An early-starter model is proposed whereby early spatial impairments interfere with early bonding and attachment, reflect disrupted right hemisphere affect regulation and expression, and predispose to later persistent antisocial behavior.

Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems

A longitudinal, prospective design was used to examine the roles of peer rejection in middle childhood and antisocial peer involvement in early adolescence in the development of adolescent externalizing behavior problems. Both early starter and late starter pathways were considered. Classroom sociometric interviews from ages 6 through 9 years, adolescent reports of peers' behavior at age 13 years, and parent, teacher, and adolescent self-reports of externalizing behavior problems from age 5 through 14 years were available for 400 adolescents. Results indicate that experiencing peer rejection in elementary school and greater involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence are correlated but that these peer relationship experiences may represent two different pathways to adolescent externalizing behavior problems. Peer rejection experiences, but not involvement with antisocial peers, predict later externalizing behavior problems when controlling for stability in externalizing behavior. Externalizing problems were most common when rejection was experienced repeatedly. Early externalizing problems did not appear to moderate the relation between peer rejection and later problem behavior. Discussion highlights multiple pathways connecting externalizing behavior problems from early childhood through adolescence with peer relationship experiences in middle childhood and early adolescence.