A methodological approach to assessing the impact of innovative component of import substitution on the economic security of the region

Subject. The article examines processes of import substitution in Russia and its regions within the framework of ensuring the economic security of the country. Objectives. The aim is to substantiate a methodological approach to determining the impact of innovative component of import substitution on the economic security of the region. Methods. The study employs the method of convolution and the index method. Results. We analyzed investment and innovation activity of organizations in recent years. Along with positive trends, we revealed a decrease in the share of organizations engaged in technological innovations in mechanical engineering and in the field of scientific research. To assess the impact of innovative component of import substitution on the economic security of the region, we determined the relative dynamics and convolution of innovation costs, investment volumes and innovative goods, exports and imports. We obtained estimated coefficients of indicators’ increase to achieve normative values of import substitution and economic security. We tested the methodology, using the mechanical engineering of the Sverdlovsk Oblast case. Conclusions. The presented methodological approach is universal and can be applied at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Flow cytometry method for absolute counting and single-cell phenotyping of mycobacteria

Detection and accurate quantitation of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis is fundamental to understanding mycobacterial pathogenicity, tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and outcomes; TB transmission; drug action, efficacy and drug resistance. Despite this importance, methods for determining numbers of viable bacilli are limited in accuracy and precision owing to inherent characteristics of mycobacterial cell biology—including the tendency to clump, and “differential” culturability—and technical challenges consequent on handling an infectious pathogen under biosafe conditions. We developed an absolute counting method for mycobacteria in liquid cultures using a bench-top flow cytometer, and the low-cost fluorescent dyes Calcein-AM (CA) and SYBR-gold (SG). During exponential growth CA + cell counts are highly correlated with CFU counts and can be used as a real-time alternative to simplify the accurate standardisation of inocula for experiments. In contrast to CFU counting, this method can detect and enumerate cell aggregates in samples, which we show are a potential source of variance and bias when using established methods. We show that CFUs comprise a sub-population of intact, metabolically active mycobacterial cells in liquid cultures, with CFU-proportion varying by growth conditions. A pharmacodynamic application of the flow cytometry method, exploring kinetics of fluorescent probe defined subpopulations compared to CFU is demonstrated. Flow cytometry derived Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) time-kill curves differ for rifampicin and kanamycin versus isoniazid and ethambutol, as do the relative dynamics of discrete morphologically-distinct subpopulations of bacilli revealed by this high-throughput single-cell technique.

Flow Cytometry Method for Absolute Counting and Single-Cell Phenotyping of Mycobacteria

Detection and accurate quantitation of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis is fundamental to understanding mycobacterial pathogenicity, tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and outcomes; TB transmission; drug action, efficacy and drug resistance. Despite this importance, methods for determining numbers of viable bacilli are limited in accuracy and precision owing to inherent characteristics of mycobacterial cell biology – including the tendency to clump, and “differential” culturability – and technical challenges consequent on handling an infectious pathogen under biosafe conditions. We developed an absolute counting method for mycobacteria in liquid cultures using a bench-top flow cytometer, and the low-cost fluorescent dyes Calcein-AM (CA) and SYBR-gold (SG). During exponential growth CA + cell counts are highly correlated with CFU counts and can be used as a real-time alternative to simplify the accurate standardisation of inocula for experiments. In contrast to CFU counting, this method can detect and enumerate cell aggregates in samples, which we show are a potential source of variance and bias when using established methods. We show that CFUs comprise a sub-population of intact, metabolically active mycobacterial cells in liquid cultures, with CFU-proportion varying by growth conditions. A pharmacodynamic application of the flow cytometry method, exploring kinetics of fluorescent probe defined subpopulations compared to CFU is demonstrated. Flow cytometry derived Mycobacterium bovis BCG time-kill curves differ for rifampicin and kanamycin versus isoniazid and ethambutol, as do the relative dynamics of discrete morphologically-distinct subpopulations of bacilli revealed by this high-throughput single-cell technique.

Improved In-Flight Estimation of Inertial Biases through CDGNSS/Vision Based Cooperative Navigation

This paper discusses the exploitation of a cooperative navigation strategy for improved in-flight estimation of inertial sensors biases on board unmanned aerial vehicles. The proposed multi-vehicle technique is conceived for a “chief” Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and relies on one or more deputy aircrafts equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antennas for differential positioning which also act as features for visual tracking. Combining carrier-phase differential GNSS and visual estimates, it is possible to retrieve accurate inertial-independent attitude information, thus potentially enabling improved bias estimation. Camera and carrier-phase differential GNSS measurements are integrated within a 15 states extended Kalman filter. Exploiting an ad hoc developed numerical environment, the paper analyzes the performance of the cooperative approach for inertial biases estimation as a function of number of deputies, formation geometry and distances, and absolute and relative dynamics. It is shown that exploiting two deputies it is possible to improve biases estimation, while a single deputy can be effective if changes of relative geometry and dynamics are also considered. Experimental proofs of concept based on two multi-rotors flying in formation are presented and discussed. The proposed framework is applicable beyond the domain of small UAVs.

Flow cytometry method for absolute counting and single-cell phenotyping of mycobacteria

Detection and accurate quantitation of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis is fundamental to understanding mycobacterial pathogenicity, tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and outcomes; TB transmission; drug action, efficacy and drug resistance. Despite this importance, methods for determining numbers of viable bacilli are limited in accuracy and precision owing to inherent characteristics of mycobacterial cell biology - including the tendency to clump, and "differential" culturability - and technical challenges consequent on handling an infectious pathogen under biosafe conditions. We developed an absolute counting method for mycobacteria in liquid cultures using a bench-top flow cytometer, and the low-cost fluorescent dyes Calcein-AM (CA) and SYBR-gold (SG). During exponential growth CA+ cell counts are highly correlated with CFU counts and can be used as a real-time alternative to simplify the accurate standardisation of inocula for experiments. In contrast to CFU counting, this method can detect and enumerate cell aggregates in samples, which we show are a potential source of variance and bias when using established methods. We show that CFUs comprise a sub-population of intact, metabolically active mycobacterial cells in liquid cultures, with CFU-proportion varying by growth conditions. A pharmacodynamic application of the flow cytometry method, exploring kinetics of fluorescent probe defined subpopulations compared to CFU is demonstrated. Flow cytometry derived Mycobacterium bovis BCG time-kill curves differ for rifampicin and kanamycin versus isoniazid and ethambutol, as do the relative dynamics of discrete morphologically-distinct subpopulations of bacilli revealed by this high-throughput single-cell technique.

MO180CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN PATIENT WITH CHRONIC CORONARY DISEASE AFTER CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION

Background and Aims to study of renal function in patients with coronary artery disease, depending on the method of revascularization and the initial state of the kidneys. Method There were 160 patients with coronary artery disease under observation who underwent re-endovascular procedures (RE). The average age of the patients was 56.6 ± 1.27 years. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG group) was performed in 21 patients with coronary artery disease and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI group) - in 139 patients. The study included patients with an eGFR of at least 60 ml / min, determined by the serum creatinine concentration. Patients received standard therapy: antiplatelet therapy (double therapy), bisoprolol, valsartan, atorvastatin. All patients underwent dynamic determination of serum creatinine concentration in terms of 3 months - 1 year -2 years. Results The CABG groups (21 patients) and the PTCA group (139 patients) who received standard therapy for coronary artery disease (group B). In the CABG and PCI groups, the eGFR was 105.66 ± 3.74 ml / min and 102.71 ± 1.59 ml / min, respectively. By the 3rd month of follow-up, the dynamics of eGFR in the groups, did not differ (-16.36 ± 3.30% and -17.55 ± 1.25%, respectively), by the 3rd month eGFR observation in the CABG and PTCA groups was also comparable, although it also differed in the baseline data (90.14 ± 6.05 ml / min and 86.46 ± 2.37 ml / min, respectively, the differences with the baseline data in both groups - p < 0.001. By the end the 1st year the following pattern emerged: in patients who underwent surgical revascularization, the decrease in eGFR was more pronounced than in patients who underwent stenting of the coronary arteries (-51.80 ± 3.51% versus -42, 39 ± 1.35%, p <0.05), and the differences increased even more during the second year of observation (-57.99 ± 4.75% versus -44.76 ± 1.89%, p <0.05). The second year of observation, eGFR in the CABG group was lower than in the PTCA group (44.63 ± 5.37 ml / min versus 56.54 ± 2.01 ml / min, p <0.05). This pattern can be explained that fact in the CABG group were more patients with diabetes - 80.95% (17 patients out of 21) compared with PTCA patients - 12.23% (17 patients out of 139, chi square 49.83, p < 0.001). All patients divided into 2 subgroups depending on the degree of eGFR by the 3rd month of observation: patients with eGFR by the 3rd month of observation more than 20% (31 patients, group 1) and less than 20% (group 2 - 129 sick). Initially, eGFR in group 1 was lower than in group 2. The relative dynamics of eGFR during the entire observation period was greater in patients of group 1 compared with group 2 (-43.58 ± 1.72% versus -11.10 ± 0.58% by the end 3rd month of observation, -61.30 ± 1.44% versus -39.38 ± 1.29% by the end of the first year and -68.78 ± 2.56% versus -41.14 ± 1.85% by the end of the second year of observation, the reliability of the difference in the relative dynamics between the groups at all three observation points is p <0.001). Conclusion. In patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary revascularization, there is a decrease in renal function after revascularization. The most significant decrease was observed in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, as well as in patients with initially low filtration function of the kidneys.

Anomalous influenza seasonality in the United States and the emergence of novel influenza B viruses

The 2019/2020 influenza season in the United States began earlier than any season since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, with an increase in influenza-like illnesses observed as early as August. Also noteworthy was the numerical domination of influenza B cases early in this influenza season, in contrast to their typically later peak in the past. Here, we dissect the 2019/2020 influenza season not only with regard to its unusually early activity, but also with regard to the relative dynamics of type A and type B cases. We propose that the recent expansion of a novel influenza B/Victoria clade may be associated with this shift in the composition and kinetics of the influenza season in the United States. We use epidemiological transmission models to explore whether changes in the effective reproduction number or short-term cross-immunity between these viruses can explain the dynamics of influenza A and B seasonality. We find support for an increase in the effective reproduction number of influenza B, rather than support for cross-type immunity-driven dynamics. Our findings have clear implications for optimal vaccination strategies.