spoken interaction
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2021 ◽  
pp. 204-225
Author(s):  
Arne Ziegler ◽  
Georg Oberdorfer ◽  
Kristina Herbert

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Christina K. Alexandris

Words in spoken political and journalistic texts may inspire, infuriate or even become mottos. Often, the entire spoken interaction may be forgotten, yet individual words may remain associated with the Speaker and/or the group represented by the Speaker or even the individual word or words themselves obtain a dynamic of their own, outshining the original Speaker. In the current-state-of affairs, connected with the impact of international news networks and social media, the impact of words in spoken political and journalistic texts is directly linked to its impact to a diverse international audience. The impact or controversy of a word and related topic may be registered by the reaction it generates. Special focus is placed in the registration and evaluation of words and their related topics in spoken political and journalistic discussions and interviews. Although as text types, spoken political and journalistic texts pose challenges for their evaluation, processing and translation, the presented approaches allow the registration of complex and implied information, indications of Speakers attitude and intentions and can contribute to evaluating the behaviour of Speakers-Participants. This registration also allows the identification of words generating positive, negative or diverse reactions, their relation to Cognitive Bias and their impact to a national and international audience within a context of international news networks and social media.


Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Laura Reimer ◽  
Christine Dimroth

Particles such as German auch (‘also’) establish an additive relation between expressions in their scope (added constituent, AC) and context alternatives against the background of shared information (common denominator). In spoken interaction, however, explicit alternatives are not necessarily present and expressions can be construed as alternatives against different variants of a common denominator. It is the aim of the present paper to investigate to what extent the presence of alternatives influences the construction of utterances containing an additive particle. This is particularly relevant for German, where speakers can choose between an unstressed and stressed version of auch. We ask whether properties of the alternatives and their common denominators influence the choice to use stressed or unstressed auch. In a corpus study on spoken language, we classified the versions of auch, the particles AC, the alternatives in the preceding context and their common denominator. The results show that the speaker’s choice is influenced by the relation of the utterance to context alternatives. Specifically, the degree of explicitness of alternatives, the number of alternatives, and the degree of abstractness of the common denominator influence the continuation of the discourse, measured by the preference for one of the two variants of the particle auch.


Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Nurmikari

Artikkeli käsittelee suomen kielen eiku-partikkelia, joka on puhutussa keskustelussa yleinen omaan tai toisen vuoroon kohdistuvan korjauksen aloituskeino. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan eiku-partikkelia kirjoitetussa keskustelussa. Aineistona käytetään Twitteriä, josta on kerätty yhteensä 760 julkista twiittiä hakusanoilla eiku tai #eiku. Analyysissä käy ilmi, että eiku-partikkelia käytetään Twitterissä osin samanlaisissa tehtävissä kuin puhutussa keskustelussa, esimerkiksi toisen keskustelijan vuoroon kohdistuvien korjausvuorojen alussa. Tällaista vuoroa voidaan käyttää sekä vilpittömään että humoristiseen korjaukseen. Viestin sisällä eiku-partikkelilla voidaan rakentaa puhutun keskustelun itsekorjausta imitoiva, humoristinen itsekorjaus.                Esiin nousee aiemmassa tutkimuksessa tuntematon tapa käyttää eiku-partikkelia puheenvuoron lopussa, jolloin partikkelia seuraava korjaus jää implisiittiseksi, lukijan pääteltäväksi. Erityisesti tällöin eiku-partikkelista on tavanomaista muotoilla hashtag #eiku; loppuasemainen #eiku-hashtag on tutkimusaineistossa yleisin eiku-partikkelin käyttötapa. Typografisesti variantit eroavat toisistaan erityisesti siinä, että loppuasemainen eiku-partikkeli kirjoitetaan tavallisesti isolla alkukirjaimella ja sen jälkeen voidaan lisätä affektia ilmaisevia pisteitä tai sanallinen lisäys, kun taas #eiku-hashtag kirjoitetaan lähes poikkeuksetta pienellä alkukirjaimella viestin viimeiseksi elementiksi. Kumpikin variantti erotetaan muusta viestistä edeltävän virkkeen lopettavalla välimerkillä ja mahdollisesti kappaleenvaihdolla. Kirjakielisemmän eiku-partikkelin yhteydessä ei käytetä emojeita tai hashtageja. Sosiaalisen median erikoiskieltä ilmentävän #eiku-hashtagin yhteyteen niitä voidaan lisätä. Loppuasemainen #eiku toimii Twitter-keskustelussa konventionaalistuneena metapragmaattisena kommenttina, jolla kontekstualisoidaan ei-vakavuutta, moniäänisyyttä ja ironiaa. #eiku-hashtagiin päättyvällä viestillä voidaan käsitellä moraalisia rajoja sekä ilmaista keskustelussa huumoria ja yhteisöllisyyttä tai kritiikkiä sosiaalisessa mediassa esillä olevaa uutisaihetta kohtaan.#eiku – from self-repair to polyphonyThis article analyses the Finnish particle eiku, which is a common expression for initiation of self-repair or other-repair. The data used in the study is of written conversation, collected from Twitter with the search terms eiku and #eiku. The data consists of 760 public tweets. Through the analysis is shown that, the eiku particle on Twitter may be used partially as in spoken interaction, for example in initiation of other-repair. Such a turn may be used for sincere or humorous repair. Within a single tweet, the eiku particle may appear as a vehicle for expressing self-repair in a humorous sequence, imitating the self-repair of spoken language. Another discovery that arises in the study is the turn-final use of the particle eiku. When the particle is used at the end of a turn, it leaves the repair followed by the particle implicite, for the reader to discover. Turn-finally, it is most common to use the hashtag #eiku; in the data, the turn-final use of #eiku appears the most common usage of the particle at hand. The two variants (eiku, #eiku) have some typographically significant differences. Firstly, the turn-final eiku is usually written with a capital letter and is followed by several commas implicating emotion, or by a lexical addition. However, the hashtag #eiku usually appears at the very end of a tweet, written with a non-capital letter. Both variants tend to be separated from the preceding text with sentence-final punctuation and even change of paragraph. Moreover, no emojis or hashtags are used with eiku, which appears more literary of the two variants. On the contrary, #eiku may be accompanied by such features typical of social media. On Twitter, the turn-final #eiku appears conventionalized as a metapragmatic comment. The hashtag #eiku is being used to contextualize non-serious stance, polyphony and irony. A tweet with turn-final #eiku discusses moral boundaries and in conversation, is used to express humour, togetherness or critique towards a news topic presented in social media.


Author(s):  
Kristina Goodnight ◽  
Rick de Graaff ◽  
Catherine van Beuningen

Dutch secondary school pupils seldom speak the foreign language in class, citing anxiety as a primary factor (Haijma, 2013). Implementing improvisational drama techniques (IDTs), however, could help ameliorate this situation by generating positive affective reactions, such as confidence and joy, and in turn stimulate pupils to speak. The concept IDT in this study contains two key elements. Firstly, participants take on roles in fictitious situations. Secondly, the activities must elicit spontaneous speech as to offer language learners opportunities to practice real-life communication, which is central to the goal of this research. The question driving this study was: What types of IDTs induce positive affective reactions among pupils and, as such, have the potential to stimulate spoken interaction in FL classrooms? The study yielded 77 IDTs associated with positive affective reactions through a literature review and an analysis of student teacher reflections on their IDT use in their English classrooms. This combined evidence lends credence to the conception that it could be the essence of improvisational drama that generates positive reactions, rather than the type of activity—the essence being an invitation to enter a fictional world, combined with the improvisational element that readies learners for spontaneous interactions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Swerts ◽  
Anouk Van Heteren ◽  
Chloë Nieuwdorp ◽  
Eline Von Oerthel ◽  
Hanne Kloots

Conversation partners tend to copy elements of each other’s utterances during a spoken interaction. This article investigates possible asymmetries in this adaptive process. We study game-based dialogues between Flemish and Dutch speakers, who officially speak the same language, but who can differ in their default use of words and in their pronunciation. Our general hypothesis, mainly based on previous studies that focused on long-term forms of adaptation and on previous studies on exchanges between categorical and variable language users, is that Flemish speakers adapt more in interactions towards Dutch speakers, than vice versa. The article describes two experiments using variants of the same experimental paradigm. Experiment 1 investigates lexical adaptation and tests whether Flemish speakers indeed adapt more to Dutch ones than the other way around. Experiment 2 looks at how adaptation of lexical forms relates to adaptation in terms of pronunciation. Both experiments bring to light that Flemish speakers indeed converge more to Dutch ones, than vice versa, especially in terms of choice of lexical forms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Daniel Hari ◽  
Valentino Šafran ◽  
Umut Arioz ◽  
Izidor Mlakar ◽  
Matej Rojc ◽  
...  

Collection of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) remotely and their usage in the clinical workflow provide an improvement on both patient’s quality of life and cancer care. However, adoption of collecting PROs into the clinical workflow is rare, and existing works still have a lot of issues providing a holistic approach. This paper offers enhancements in the process of collecting PROs by utilization of conversational systems that still provide quite a new but promising way to collect PROs remotely with spoken interaction. Our proposed system provides an interoperability with Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) server by using a multimodal sensing network (MSN) prepared for the project PERSIST. We introduce components of multimodality while collecting PROs with the help of the mHealth App and Open Health Connect (OHC) platform. As a result, chatbots and 3D embodied conversational agents (ECA) were prepared to interact with the cancer patients in 5 different languages. The intercommunication was provided by MSN and the integration of cancer patients’ PROs into clinical workflow was satisfied. This study was part of a Horizon 2020 project and a preparation phase for clinical trials with cancer patients and clinicians


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ogden

Swallowing—a complex physical process that involves closure of the mouth and nasal cavities, as well as the glottis, and the raising and lowering of the larynx—is at the boundary between speech and the body, yet almost nothing is known about how it works in conjunction with speech in spoken interaction. Research into swallowing, mostly in speech therapy, has explored the articulations required, how long it takes the bolus to pass through the mouth to the stomach, and the sounds that occur on the way. In the phonetics literature, swallowing is regularly excluded from study: in experiments, tokens with swallowing are excluded; and while swallowing is used to set up certain experiments, its effect on speech is not the object of such studies, though it is sometimes mentioned as a possible action during a stretch of silence, as in word search. Although speaking and swallowing are mutually incompatible, in conversation, swallowing has to be coordinated around the processes of speaking. It can be part of the preparations for speech; it can also occur within and after stretches of speech. While swallowing has been marked in conversation analytic transcripts in several languages, it is almost never commented on. Like sniffing, crying or laughing, swallowing occurs in the vocal tract and may accompany speech, but is not considered as part of the stream of speech. It is clearly related to drinking, which (Hoey, 2015; Hoey, 2017; Hoey, 2020b) shows is strategically placed in the sequential unfolding of talk. In the same spirit, this paper will treat swallowing as an interactional resource which is bound up with language, and which has particular affordances and demands. This paper fills a gap in our knowledge, by focusing on swallowing that is embedded within, before, or after stretches of speech. It considers the phonetic, linguistic and interactional features of swallowing. It thus explores how verbal conduct is intertwined with one aspect of bodily conduct.


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