Model GGE biplot untuk visualisasi interaksi genotip (G) x naungan (E) pada jagung toleran naungan pada sistem agroforestri

Sari. Jagung adalah serealia penting di Indonesia yang bernilai ekonomis dan strategis untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku pangan (food), pakan (feed), dan minyak (fuel). Varietas jagung yang toleran terhadap intensitas naungan merupakan solusi tepat untuk meningkatkan produksi jagung melalui pemanfaatan lahan agroforestri. GGE biplot adalah model untuk visualisasi dan interpretasi data hasil pengujian genotipe pada lingkungan berbeda. Visualisasi aspek genotipe (G) dan lingkungan (E), dan hubungan keduanya (GXE) digambarkan sebagai biplot. Tujuan adalah untuk seleksi genotipe jagung toleran naungan pada sistem agroforestri. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Maret-Agustus 2014 di Kebun Percobaan Cimalaka Sumedang menggunakan Split Plot Design diulang 2 kali. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode GGE biplot. Berdasarkan analisis scatter plot DR-21 menunjukkan galur yang memiliki umur berbunga tergenjah di lingkungan tanpa naungan; sementara pada lingkungan naungan adalah M6DR 4.7.2. Pada bobot pipil, DR-14 memiliki bobot tertinggi pada kondisi tanpa naungan, dan mutan M6DR 5.5.1 memiliki bobot tertinggi pada kondisi naungan, mutan M6DR 16.5.15 merupakan genotipe yang memiliki nilai terendah pada lingkungan naungan dan tanpa naungan. Berdasarkan analisis rangking plot menunjukkan bobot tongkol, genotip DR 10, dan DR 4 merupakan genotipe yang memiliki nilai tertinggi pada lingkungan naungan dan tanpa naungan, mutan M6BR-153.10.2 merupakan genotipe yang memiliki nilai terendah. Pada umur berbunga mutan M6DR 14.2.1, M6DR 5.4.1, M6DR 14.3.11 dan M6DR 7.1.7 merupakan genotipe yang memiliki umur berbunga tergenjah pada kedua lingkungan.Kata kunci: jagung, toleran naungan, model GGE biplot, sistem agroforestri, albizia Abstract. Corn is an important cereal in Indonesia that is of economic and strategic value to be developed as a food ingredient, feed and fuel. Corn varieties that are tolerant of shade intensity is the right solution to increase corn production through the use of agroforestry. GGE biplot is a model for visualizing and interpreting data from genotype testing in different environments. Visualization of aspects of G x E and their relationship are described as biplot. The aim was to select corn tolerant in agroforestry. The study was conducted in March-August 2014 in the Experimental Field Cimalaka Sumedang, used Split Plot Design and repeated 2 times. Data were analyzed using the GGE biplot. Based on a scatter plot analysis showed that DR-21 have flowering at shorter time in a non-shade environment; while in the shade environment was M6DR 4.7.2. On grain weights, DR-14 line has the highest weight in non-shade conditions, and M6DR 5.5.1 mutant has the highest weight in shade conditions, while M6DR 16.5.15 is the genotype which has the lowest value in shade and without shade. Based on the ranking plot analysis showed cob weight, DR 10, and DR 4 were genotypes that have the highest values in two conditions, while M6BR-153.10.2 mutants were genotypes which have the lowest value in two conditions. On flowering, M6DR 14.2.1, M6DR 5.4.1, M6DR 14.3.11 and M6DR 7.1.7 were genotypes that have shorter time in both environments. Keywords: corn, shade tolerant, GGE biplot, agroforestry, albizia.

Growth Responses of Zoysia spp. under Tree Shade in the Midwestern United States

‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steudel) is commonly planted on home lawns and golf courses in the transition zone; however, poor shade tolerance limits its widespread use. This study was conducted to determine changes and differences in growth among selected Zoysia cultivars and progeny under a natural shade environment over a 3-year period in the transition zone. The study was initiated in June 2010 at the Rocky Ford Turfgrass Research Center in Manhattan, KS. Soil type was a Chase silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Aquic, Argiudoll). Zoysia genotypes were sodded in 0.37-m2 plots and arranged in a randomized complete block with five replications under silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) shade that resulted in a 91% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Genotypes included ‘Zorro’ [Z. matrella (L.) Merrill], ‘Emerald’ [Z. japonica × Z. pacifica (Goudswaard) Hotta & Kuroki], ‘Meyer’, Chinese Common (Z. japonica), and experimental progeny Exp1 (Z. matrella × Z. japonica), and Exp2 and Exp3 [(Z. japonica × Z. pacifica) × Z. japonica]. ‘Zorro’ and ‘Emerald’ experienced winter injury, which negatively affected their performance. Tiller numbers decreased 47% in ‘Meyer’ from June 2010 to June 2012, but declines in [(Z. japonica × Z. pacifica) × Z. japonica] progeny were only 1% for Exp2 and 27% for Exp3, and both Exp2 and Exp3 maintained high percent green cover throughout the study. In general, by the third year of evaluation, progeny of [(Z. japonica × Z. pacifica) × Z. japonica] had higher quality ratings and higher tiller numbers than ‘Meyer’ and may provide more shade-tolerant cultivar choices for transition zone turf managers.

Kajian ethylene triple response terhadap kecambah tiga varietas kedelai (Study of ethylene triple response on the seedlings of three varieties of soybean)

AbstrakKeterbatasan lahan tanam di Indonesia merupakan salah satu faktor pembatas dalam pembudidayaan tanaman kedelai. Oleh sebab itu kedelai di tumpangsarikan dengan tanaman lain, sehingga ternaungi. Naungan pada tanaman menyebabkan tingginya produksi etilen sehingga tanaman akan memunculkan triple response yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyeleksi varietas kedelai yang tahan dengan adanya peningkatan etilen pada tiga varietas kedelai (Edamamik, Anjasmoro, Wilis). Setelah dikecambahkan selama 5 hari, panjang kedelai varietas Wilis yang diberi etilen (karbid) adalah yang tertinggi dan Anjasmoro adalah yang terendah. Bengkokan kedelai dengan derajat terendah diamati pada varietas Wilis dibandingkan dengan dua varietas lain. Diameter ketiga varietas tidak berbeda antara yang normal dan diperlakukan dengan karbid. Pengamatan ketiga parameter ini menunjukkan varietas Wilis adalah tanaman yang tahan terhadap peningkatan etilen, sehingga varietas ini berpotensi untuk ditanam di naungan.Kata kunci: etilen, triple response, kedelaiAbstractLimitation of arable land in Indonesia is one of the limiting factors in soybean cultivation. Consequently, soybean is sometimes cultivated as an intercropping crop. One of the major problems of intercropped plants is shading. Shading triggers increased production of ethylene, which in turn affects germinating seeds to exhibit ethylene triple response. The study aimed to screen different varieties of soybean (i.e., Edamamik, Anjasmoro, Wilis) for resistance to increased consentrationof ethylene. Results showed that five days after germination, the height of Wilis was the highest, while the height of Anjasmoro was the lowest. Similarly, the degree of hook on Wilis was the lowest compared with the other varieties. Meanwhile, the diameter of the seedlings was not significantly different among the three varieties. Based on these findings it was concluded that Wilis variety was the most resistant to increased concentration of ethylene and therefore was most suited for intercropping (shade environment).Keywords: ethylene, triple response, soybean

Effect of plant density and seed position on mother plant on physiological characteristic of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) seeds

Experiments were conducted in 2010 to determine the influence of plant density and seed position on the mother plant on seed physiological characteristics of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Cocklebur burs were collected in fall of 2010 from Research Farm of University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorgan, Iran. The experiment was established as factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included different densities of cocklebur (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plant m-2) and the top and bottom parts of the canopy. Non dormant seeds were used for determining cardinal temperatures and tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Base, optimum and ceiling germination temperatures were estimated between 7.09 to 12.33, 32 to 35 and 44 to 45 respectively in different treatments. Salinity stress up to 300 Mm and osmotic potential 8 bar inhibited the germination completely. Comparison of base temperatures and sigmoid equation coefficients showed that seeds produced in the top had higher germination than those that produced at the bottom of the mother plant. It seems plant densities through seed position on the mother plant affect seed quality. Likewise changes of light quality and quantity in shade environment increased seed dormancy in matured seeds. Shade environment affect seed germination on mother plant that increased dormancy of seeds maturing under shade be an adaptive response that reduces the probability of germination of offspring under unfavorable (shade, competitive) conditions.

Study on the Artificial Breeding Techniques in Ternstroemia gymnnanthera, an Important Industrial Tanning Plant

Ternstroemia gymnnanthera is an important plant for industrial raw material of tanning. The systematic artificial breeding techniques are studied. The seeds and the cutting propagation had been carried out in our lab for two years,There is dormancy period of 3 to 4 months for the mature seeds.we found the dormancy is related to its seed coat and red aril. The seed’s nutrients are stored in the cotyledons. The seed coat artificially broken and GA3 (700mg/L) or NAA (100mg/L) treatment can promote seed germination rate. The seed germination is a good way for seedling nursery. The different treatments had done for cuttings to make the seedling nursery and the treatment with NAA (100mg/L) and ABT can significantly improve the cuttings survival rate of two years.Three wild populations of this species were studied in field. We found it adapted to sun environment better than the half shade or shade environment, as in the shade environment, it can not be normally flowering and bearing fruit.

309 Fertilizer Applications on the Growth of Three Groundcover Species in Sun and Shade

Use of groundcovers in the landscape is often limited due to their slow establishment rate compared to that of turf. Hedera helix L., (English ivy), Euonymus fortunei `Coloratus' (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. (purpleleaf wintercreeper euonymus), and Liriope spicata Lour. (creeping lily-turf) were evaluated in a full sun and 50% shade environment to determine the effects of fertilizer applications on their establishment and growth. Fertilizer treatments, of 13N-13P-13K at a rate of.45 kg/93 m2, used were: 1) at planting only; 2) at planting and once during the summer; 3) at planting, in summer, and once in the fall; or 4) at planting, in summer, in fall, and once the following spring. Data collected included fresh and dry weight comparisons of pruned material, percentage canopy cover, plant quality and vigor by visual assessment and photographs, and time required for maintenance of each plot. Results show limited fertilizer effects and interaction according to species during the first several months of growth. Establishment and survivability of Hedera was influenced mainly by light exposure rather than fertilizer applications. There was no difference in establishment rates between Liriope and Euonymus, however, under shade, Euonymus did not develop its characteristic fall color. Hedera was established in one season under 50% shade and can be considered very competitive with turf under the same conditions.