The effect of method and dosage application of biofungicide extract of Legundi leaf fermented with Trichoderma harzianum fungus for control of Fusarium wilt disease on shallots

Legundi weed (Vitex trifolia) has the potential to be used as a biofungicide to control Fusarium wilt disease on shallots. For the manufacture of biofungoicides, legundi leaf extract was first fermented using the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the method and dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide on the Fusarium fungus that causes shallots wilt. The research was carried out in Senteluk Village, Batu Layar District, West Lombok Regency using an experimental method with a factorial randomized block design with two factors. As the main effect, namely the application of biofungicide fermented Legundi leaf extract consisting of two levels, namely: seed treatment before planting, and spraying treatment for plants aged 7 days after planting. Meanwhile, the simple effect is the application dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide consisting of 5 levels, namely: 0.00 mL, 2.50 mL; 5.00 mL; 7.50 mL and 10.00 mL. The combination method and dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide was repeated three times each, so there were 30 treatment combinations. The results obtained were the application of Legundi leaf extract biofungicides by soaking the seeds before planting at a starting dose of 2.50 mL to effectively control onion wilt disease. The applied biofungicide can increase plant height and increase the dry weight of the harvest.

Monitoring of changes in mineral and vitamin metabolism under the influence of feed additive in piglets with experimental associated mycotoxicosis

Toxicobiological effect of mycotoxins association of the Penicillium and Fusarium fungus (T-2 toxin at a concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, fumonisin B1 ‒ 0.5 mg/kg, vomitoxin (DON) ‒ 0.1 mg/kg, penicillic acid ‒ 1 mg/kg) was accompanied by the development of a complex pathological process in weaned piglets. In this regard, the detoxification and sorption capacity of the complex feed additive "Harufix+" based on mannanoligosaccharides was studied. The additive effect on the resorptive activity of mineral and vitamin nutrients of feed under the normal feeding conditions and in case of contamination with mycotoxins has been studied. The use of enterosorbent offset the toxic effects of micromycete metabolites, which contributed to the growth of piglets. Thus, weight growth rate increase of the piglets in group 1 (i.e., those whose diet included the additive, unlike the diet of the animals in control group) constituted 16 %, while their average weight growth rate was high and constituted 1.96 kg per day. In addition, during the study of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, ferum, zinc, copper and manganese in the piglets blood was not found excretion of these elements with a sorbent, moreover, noted the normalization their blood level. The study content of vitamins A and E, the same as with mineral nutrients, has not been established decrease during treatment with study the pharmaceutical. The obtained results testify the active absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the vitamin components within the fodder combined with fodder additive “Harufix+” and high biological accessibility of its transport forms. The efficiency of the additive can be explained by its composition, namely the complex of mineral and organic components that are formed by modification of the organic cations of the mineral surface. Key words: mycotoxins, mycotoxicosis, macro- and microelements, sorbent, vitamin metabolism, piglets.

Оценка штаммов гриба рода Fusarium на поражение растений огурца

Рассматриваемая в статье проблема поражения растений огурца (Cucumis sativus L.) корневой гнилью, которая возникает во всех типах культивационных сооружений, основная и при селекции и семеноводстве этой культуры. Возделывание монокультуры приводит к увеличению и накоплению и увеличению инфекционной нагрузки грунта. Цель работы поиск источников устойчивости и оценка селекционного и линейного материала огурца для создания гетерозисных гибридов с устойчивостью к фузариозному увяданию (корневой гнили). Исследования проведены во ВНИИО филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО в двух культурооборотах в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц в течение 2017-2019 годах. Технология выращивания общепринятая в хозяйстве. Лабораторные исследования проведены в лаборатории иммунитета отдела селекции и семеноводства ВНИИО филиал ФГБНУ Федеральный научный центр овощеводства . Исследования проведены на инцухт-линиях партенокарпического огурца, был апробирован экспресс-метод Закладка семян огурца, в суспензию спор исследуемых патогенов с последующей высадкой семян в стерильные опилки . В результате микрокопирования получены три штамма чистой культуры гриба рода Fusarium, представлено их описание и методика выделения изолятов. В работе описано приготовление суспензии спор гриба для заражения, расчет количества спор, подготовка стерилизованных древесных опилок, процесс дезинфекции семян, указаны благоприятные условия для развития и распространения гриба рода Fusarium. Представлена шкала учета степени поражения корневой системы сеянцев огурца в фазу развития первого настоящего листа. Схема опыта предполагала пять вариантов, которая включала тестирование новых полученных штаммов грибов рода Fusarium выделенных с пораженной корневой системы огурца в поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплицах при мониторинге пораженности растений огурца корневой гнилью во втором культурообороте, в качестве стандарта был использован штамм гриба Fusarium oxysporum идентифицированный при исследованиях сотрудниками ГНУ Всероссийского научно исследовательского института овощеводства А.В. Поляковым, А.А. Ткачевой, И.И. Тарасенковым и Н.К. Бирюковой в качестве контроля - вода стерильная дистиллированная. Представлены результаты оценки пораженности проростов грибами р. Fusarium в сравнениии со стандартом и контролем. Сделан вывод, что мониторинг пораженности растений огурца корневой гнилью в грунтовых теплицах, позволяет отслеживать развитие и распространение очагов болезни растений, идентифицировать и определить агрессивность возбудителя в конкретных производственных условиях, и как следствие, вовремя принимать меры для предотвращения эпифитотий. Установлено, что у стандарта, физиологическая раса гриба Fusarium oxysporum более агрессивна по сравнению с выделенными штаммами, так как она полностью преодолевает устойчивость данного генотипа. Определен контроль восприимчивости к Fusarium oxysporum.The problem of affection of cucumber plants by root rot, which occurs in all types of cultivation facilities, considered in the article, is also fundamental in the selection and seed production of this crop. The cultivation of monoculture leads to accumulation and increase of infectious soil load. The purpose of the research work is to find sources of resistance and evaluate the breeding and line cucumber material for creating heterosis hybrids with resistance to Fusarium wilt (root rot). The research was carried out in ARRIVG - branch of FSBSI FSCVG in two crop rotations in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses during 2017-2019. Cultivation technology is generally accepted in agriculture. Laboratory tests were conducted in the immunity laboratory of the Selection and Seed Production Department of ARRIVG branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. The research was carried out on inbreeding lines of a parthenocarpic cucumber the express method Putting cucumber seeds into spore suspension of the studied pathogens with subsequent planting out in acepticized sawdust was tested. As a result of micro-coping, three strains of pure culture of Fusarium fungus are obtained, their description and method of obtaining of isolates are presented. The research work describes the preparation of a suspension of fungal spores for inoculation, the calculation of the number of spores, the preparation of acepticized sawdust, the process of seed disinfection the favorable conditions for the progression and spread of the Fusarium fungus are stated. The scale of accounting for the degree of damage of the root system of cucumber seedlings in the phase of development of the first real leaf is presented. The scheme of the experiment had five options and included testing of new Fusarium fungus strains obtained from the affected cucumber root system in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses with monitoring the affection of cucumber plants with root rot in the second crop rotation a strain of Fusarium oxysporum fungus was used as a standard, it was identified during the research by the staff of the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegeculture: A.V. Polyakov, A. A. Tkacheva, I. I. Tarasenkov and N. K. Birukova as a control, sterile distilled water was used. The results of evaluation of affection of seedlings with Fusarium fungi in comparison with the standard and control are presented. It is concluded that monitoring of cucumber plants affected by root rot in ground greenhouses allows controlling the progress and spread of centers of infection, identifying and determining the pathogene aggressivity in specific production conditions, and as a result, taking timely measures to prevent epiphytoties. It is found that the standard has more aggressive physiological race of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum in comparison with obtained strains, since it completely overcomes the resistance of this genotype. The control of susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum is determined.

Bacterial and Fungal Pathogen Synergetics after Co-infection in the Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat is one of the most important staple grains in the world and the leading source of calories, production is limited by biotic stress. There is a number of pathogen attacks on wheat crops, depending on environmental conditions. In some cases, more than one crop pathogen attack leads to higher damage or decrease susceptibility. There are very few studies in the field of multiple pathogen interactions; in this study, we analyzed the co-infectionof wheat with fungal and bacterial pathogens. Field isolated Xanthomonas translucens and Xanthomonas compestris bacteria have been used against GM-322 and PDKV varieties co-infected with Fusarium fungus spp. In our experiment, we used Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium equitus. Compared to the combined effect of the fungus and bacteria, we measured the length and width of the infected leaf part. We have observed that there is more susceptibility to X. compestris and F. graminearium in the GM-322 wheat variety. The second susceptible cvs was PDKV when we co-infected F. oxysporum and then X. translucens fungal and bacterial infected symptom analysis showed yellow stripes on the leaf surface of the wheat crop. We observed head blight in wheat when it was infected with F. graminearum and X. compestris. As a result, we concluded that varietal susceptibility also depends on co-infection pathogen attacks and their synergetic interaction.