Loanable funds versus money creation in banking: a benchmark result

We establish a benchmark result for the relationship between the loanable-funds and the money-creation approach to banking. In particular, we show that both processes yield the same allocations when there is no uncertainty. In such cases, using the much simpler loanable-funds approach as a shortcut does not imply any loss of generality. When there is aggregate risk with complete contracts and complete markets, we indicate that a restricted equivalence result holds.

RISK STUDY OF SUPPLY CHAIN OF LEARNING MODULE PROCUREMENT PROJECT (CASE STUDY: PT. XYZ)

Modern era has an impact on the industry. Relate to technology to turn raw goods into finished goods. Look at competitive in competition between companies that are required to customer demand. PT. XYZ is a publishing and printing company, constructing and concocting books and learning modules. Currently PT. XYZ does not yet have structured risk management to identify and mitigate risks that occur primarily in supply chain functions. Therefore, research is needed that aims to identify possible risks in PT. XYZ supply chain activities. Determine the cause of risk that must be prioritized to be mitigated in the supply chain PT. XYZ and determine mitigation strategies that must be prioritized to address the causes of risks in the supply chain PT. XYZ. The method used in this study is by the House of Risk method. HOR is used to identify risk events, risk agents in the supply chain and design mitigation strategies for risk agents based on ARP (Aggregate Risk Potential) value. The results of this study show that there are 10 risk events and 15 risk agents that become supply chain risks as well as recommendations for tackling priority risk agents.

Modeling the aggregate risk of common stockholder through the determined financial model

Subject. The article focuses on methods for modeling and quantifying the risk associated with common stockholders. Objectives. We perform a critical analysis and study how the existing risk assessment methods can be modified. The article demonstrates strengths and advantages of the determined financial model. Methods. The study is based on methods of the discourse analysis, mathematical statistics, financial modeling. Results. If the entity receives payments out of net profit, we show the modified formula for assessing the aggregate leverage and suggest using the term financial leverage in Russian. The chi-squared comparison method reveals the need to respect aggregate leverage restrictions. We also present formulae for assessing its minimum and maximum. In this study, we provide a broader view of the financial mentality as a concept, quantify to what extent the decision-maker is prone to risk. Conclusions and Relevance. The advisable aggregate leverage fits in the interval, which should be specifically assessed for each entity, and can be determined by official reporting data through the proposed formulae. Managing common stockholders’ risk pursues to maintain the aggregate leverage ratio within its maximum and minimum. This task can be solved by modifying the structure and ratio of fixed and variable costs.

Methodology for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Implementation of an Innovative Project in the Field of Information Technology

The research topic is relevant in connection with the growing need to implement innovative projects that increase the level of the national economy. High risks and significant initial investments have determined the need to develop the most accurate methods for evaluating the effectiveness of innovations. The article describes the stages of analysis of an innovative project for the introduction of 5G technology. Calculations are presented that allow us to obtain a single criterion for choosing the most optimal project implementation option. The developed methodology takes into account both standard investment performance indicators and the level of aggregate risk, as a result of which project execution scenarios with unacceptable criteria are excluded under the specified constraints. The advantage of the described method is the simplicity of calculations and the absence of the need for a large amount of initial information about the project. In the conclusion of the study, the author's recommendations on the organization of effective deployment of the fifth-generation network in the Russian Federation are given.

Airplane Seating Assignment Problem

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, began infecting humans in late 2019 and has since spread to over 57 million people and caused over 1.75 million deaths, as of December 27, 2020. In response to reduced demand and travel restrictions as a result of COVID-19, airlines experienced a 94% reduction in passenger capacity worldwide in April and an estimated 60% reduction in passengers transported for all of 2020. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to spread on airplanes by infected passengers, so minimizing the risk of secondary infections aboard aircraft may save lives. We present the airplane seating assignment problem (ASAP) to minimize transmission risks on airplanes, and we provide two models to solve ASAP. We show that both models can be effectively solved using a standard commercial solver and that seating assignments provided by these models have lower aggregate risk than the strategy of blocking the middle seats, given the same number of passengers. The available risk models for aircraft are based on influenza data, and hence risk models based on SARS-CoV-2 should be developed to maximize the benefits of our research.