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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Shikaya ◽  
Yuta Takase ◽  
Ryosuke Tadokoro ◽  
Ryo Nakamura ◽  
Masafumi Inaba ◽  
...  

Gut peristaltic movements recognized as the wave-like propagation of a local contraction are crucial for effective transportation and digestion/absorption of ingested materials. Although the physiology of gut peristalsis has been well studied in adults, it remains largely unexplored how the cellular functions underlying these coordinated tissue movements are established along the rostral-caudal gut axis during development. The chicken embryonic gut serves as an excellent experimental model for elucidating the endogenous potential and regulation of these cells since peristalsis occurs even though no ingested material is present in the moving gut. By combining video-recordings and kymography, we provide a spatial map of peristaltic movements along the entire gut posterior to the duodenum: midgut (jejunum and ileum), hindgut, caecum, and cloaca. Since the majority of waves propagate bidirectionally at least until embryonic day 12 (E12), the sites of origin of peristaltic waves (OPWs) can unambiguously be detected in the kymograph. The spatial distribution map of OPWs has revealed that OPWs become progressively confined to specific regions/zones along the gut axis during development by E12, and that such specific zones are largely conserved between different individuals implying genetic regulation for OPW determination. We have also found that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is essential for the OPW patterning since an ablation of ENS or blocking neural activity by tetrodotoxin disrupts the confined pattern of OPWs, resulting in a failure of transportation of inter-luminally injected ink. Finally, we have discovered a functional coupling of the endpoint of hindgut with the cloaca. When surgically separated, the cloaca ceases its acute contractions that would normally occur concomitantly with the peristaltic rhythm of the hindgut. Our findings shed light on the intrinsic regulations of gut peristalsis, including unprecedented ENS contribution and inter-region cross talk along the gut axis.


Author(s):  
K.M. Rajesh ◽  
Sujitha Thomas ◽  
Sandhya Sukumaran ◽  
G.B. Purushottama ◽  
G.D. Nataraja ◽  
...  

Background: The fishes of the family Carangidae forms one of the largest families of bony fishes, representing about 140 species, widely distributed in all tropical and temperate marine waters of the world. In recent past, fishes of this family are exhibiting new geographical distribution which could be attributed to climatic variability. Methods: The specimens were collected from multiday trawl boats operated along Karnataka coast. Morphometric and meristic characteristics together with genetic analysis using DNA bar coding was used to validate the identity of the specimen. Spatial distribution map of the species in Indian Ocean was generated using the information from the present study and available literature. Result: The morphometric and meristic characteristics of the specimens of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili collected during the study were comparable with the previous investigations. The phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences of COI (MW974826 and MW974827) of the Seriola species showed distinct clustering among species with significant bootstrap values confirming the identity to the extent of 99% with the sequences of Seriola dumerili deposited in NCBI GenBank. This study confirms the first distributional record of Seriola dumerili from the eastern Arabian Sea.


Author(s):  
Avadootha Shivakrishna ◽  
Karan Kumar Ramteke ◽  
K.V. Akhilesh ◽  
Annam Pavan Kumar ◽  
C. Anulekshmi ◽  
...  

Background: Fishes of the family triacanthidae are highly diversified throughout the world, but studies on these fishes were very limited in India. Now a day’s catch of species belongs to this family increasing and showing new geographical distributions due to overfishing of top predators. Methods: Experimental fishing method was conducted by using the M.F.V Narmada-IV vessel of ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai. The vessel operated with a demersal trawl net with a cod-end mesh size of 30 mm. Spatial distribution map of the family Triacanthidae was generated from previous literature using the IDW interpolation method in Arc GIS 10.4.Result: New distributional record of silver tripodfish, Triacanthus nieuhofii Bleeker, 1852 was recorded for the first time from the Mumbai waters, northwest coast of India. Spatial map showing that the species of the family Triacanthidae were highly diversified along the east coast than the west coast of India.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei He ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Wen-Jie Yu ◽  
Guang-Jia Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhong ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Echinococcosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus larvae. This disease is highly endemic in Sichuan Province, China. This study investigates the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province, geared towards providing a future reference for the development of precise prevention and control strategies. Methods Human prevalence of echinococcosis was evaluated using the B-ultrasonography diagnostic method in Sichuan Province between 2016 and 2019. All data were collected, collated, and analyzed. A spatial distribution map was drawn to intuitively analyze the spatial distribution features. Eventually, the spatial autocorrelation was specified and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) clustering map was drawn to investigate the spatial aggregation of echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province. Results The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province was 0.462%, among which the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) was 0.221%, while that of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was 0.244%. Based on the results of the spatial distribution map, a predominance of echinococcosis in humans decreased gradually from west to east and from north to south. The Global Moran’s I index was 0.77 (Z = 32.07, P < 0.05), indicating that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans was spatially clustered, exhibiting a significant spatial positive correlation. Further, the findings of local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the “high–high” concentration areas were primarily located in some townships in the northwest of Sichuan Province. However, the “low–low” concentration areas were predominantly located in some townships in the southeast of Sichuan Province. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province follows a downward trend, suggesting that the current prevention and control work has achieved substantial outcomes. Nevertheless, the prevalence in humans at the township level is widely distributed and differs significantly, with a clear clustering in space. Therefore, precise prevention and control strategies should be formulated for clusters, specifically strengthening the “high–high” clusters at the township level. Graphic Abstract


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dwi Wardatul Rizkiah ◽  
Hari Sulistiyowati ◽  
Arif Mohammad Siddiq

Exotic plants are plants that are introduced intentionally or unintentionally from their original habitat to a new habitat. One of the exotic plants that is potentially invasive is Chromolaena odorata. These plants are found a lot especially in the rehabilitation zone at Donglo Block Resort of Wonoasri, Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP). An initial effort to determine whether this exotic plant was potentially invasive was to use the distribution pattern of a plant population. This study aimed to determine the distribution pattern and area of cover of exotic plants C. odorata in rehabilitation zone at Donglo Block, Resort of Wonoasri MBNP. The sampling of C. odorata used the transect plot method systematically, which carried out in Donglo Block Resort of Wonoasri MBNP. Data analyzed using Morisita index. The map of distribution pattern of C. odorata was created using the Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the results of the Morisita index, the value (Iδ) = 12.39, which means that C. odorata has a clumped distribution pattern. The distribution pattern of C. odorata can also be seen from the visualization of the spatial distribution map, which shows that the growth of C. odorata in plants or overlaps with each other, hence that it looks clustered. The coverage area of C. odorata in the study location was 596,5 m2 or 29.24% of the total area of the study (20,400 m2). Based on the results of the coverage area of C. odorata, it was indicated that this exotic species is not yet classified as an invasive species in the area.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei He ◽  
Wen-jie Yu ◽  
Guang-jia Zhang ◽  
Sha Liao ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundEchinococcosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus, which affects both humans and animals. In China, this disease is highly endemic in Sichuan Province. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan province, so as to provide a reference for the development of precise prevention and control strategies in the future.MethodsWe explored the prevalence of echinococcosis using the B-ultrasonography diagnostic method in Sichuan province between 2016 and 2019, where patients and transmission conditions had been identified in the past. All data were inputted using Epi-Info software, while SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. We then employed ArcGIS software to draw the spatial distribution map and perform trend surface analysis. Finally, Geoda software was used to analyze spatial autocorrelation and draw Lisa clustering map.ResultsA total of 2 542 135 people from 649 towns in 35 counties of Sichuan province were screened for echinococcosis, of which 11 743 echinococcosis patients were detected. The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans was 0.462%, among which the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis [CE] was 0.221%, while that of alveolar echinococcosis [AE] was 0.244%. We also observed that the predominance of echinococcosis in humans decreased gradually from west to east and from north to south based on the results of the spatial distribution map and trend surface analysis. The Global Moran's I index was 0.77 (Z = 32.07, P < 0.05), which indicated that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans was spatially clustered, exhibiting a significant spatial positive correlation. Further, the findings of local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the “high-high” concentration areas were primarily located in some townships in the northwest of Sichuan province. On the other hand, the “low-low” concentration areas were predominantly located in some townships in the southeast of Sichuan province. ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan province is following a downward trend, implying that the current prevention and control work has achieved some substantial outcomes. However, the prevalence in humans at the township level is widely distributed and differs greatly, with a clear clustering in space. Therefore in the future, precise prevention and control strategies should be formulated for clusters, particularly strengthening the “high-high” clusters at the township level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Zhang keze

Influenced by the limitations of the times, the agricultural belief and sacrificial system are developed and widely used in the traditional society of China, and the Longshen cult is a typical one. Taking the Gansu Longshen cult in Qing Dynasty as a case, this paper considered that the Longshen temple throughout Gansu are mainly the result of the correspondence between the rain function of Longshen and the characteristics of climate drought. Based on the statistics of the number of Longshen temple, the spatial distribution map of Gansu Longshen cult in Qing Dynasty was drawn by ArcGIS software.


2021 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
pp. 09006
Author(s):  
Peter Oluwadamilare Olagbaju ◽  
Olanrewaju Bola Wojuola ◽  
Victor Tshivhase

Radionuclide concentrations in the soil depend on the geological and anthropogenic activities of an area. They influence level of gamma radiation in the environment, which can cause significant health risk in humans. Due to the non-uniform distribution of radionuclides in the soil, various measurement methods have been adopted to monitor our environment. The challenges involved in collecting environmental samples, duration, technicality and cost of measurement have led to various models for predicting unmeasured locations. This article presents geostatistical method using kriging techniques, which adopt the theory of regionalized variables, to characterize the spatial distribution of radionuclide in un-sampled locations using data obtained from sampled locations. Among other things, this paper presents results of application of this method to a study area. Spatial distribution of radionuclides reveal the non-uniform distribution in the study area. Though the radionuclides level in the study area are below global average set by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the spatial distribution map can be used to provide adequate information needed by regulatory authorities in identifying the contaminated area in need of remediation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 202039
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Nelcimar Reis Sousa ◽  
José Mário Ferro Frazão ◽  
Zulimar Márita Ribeiro Rodrigues

AREAS WITH POTENTIAL FOR THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES OF BACABA (Oenocarpus distichus) IN THE STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZILAREAS CON POTENCIAL PARA CONSERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS DA BACABA (Oenocarpus distichus) EN EL ESTADO DEL MARANHÃO, BRASILRESUMOAs bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) são palmeiras típicas da Amazônia que ocorrem com maior frequência no leste, dispersando-se do Pará ao Maranhão. A bacabeira por suas características ecobotânicas apresentam grandes oportunidades de serem valoradas em serviços ecossistêmicos. É explorada pelo extrativismo, seja para o consumo de seus frutos na forma de bebida ou na extração do óleo, podendo ser cultivadas em sistemas agroflorestais para a produção de frutos, palmito e, especialmente, o óleo. O presente estudo investigou e mapeou a ocorrência de populações naturais de Oenocarpus distichus no Maranhão para identificar as áreas com potenciais para conservação. A pesquisa é descritiva e foi realizada em diferentes sedes municipais e/ou povoados de seis microrregiões do estado do Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, Rosário e Itapecuru. Os pontos de ocorrência foram georreferenciados e armazenadas no aparelho GPS. Posteriormente no software (Qgis 2.18) foi feita a conversão das coordenadas de extensão KML para shapefile, criando um banco de dados utilizado para produzir o mapa da distribuição espacial da bacaba. Entre as áreas pesquisadas a maior ocorrência identificada foi na microrregião de Rosário, com destaque para os municípios de Axixá e Presidente Juscelino; seguido da microrregião do Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, em Serrano do Maranhão. Constatou-se que as populações de bacaba estão bastante reduzidas nas áreas mapeadas, contudo ainda existem indivíduos preservados em quintais, favorecendo estratégias de conservação on farm.Palavras-chave: Bacaba; Extrativismo; Maranhão.ABSTRACTThe bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) are typical palms tree from Amazon that occur more frequently in the east, dispersing from Pará to Maranhão. The bacabeira due to its ecobotanical characteristics present great opportunities to be valued in ecosystem services. It is exploited by extractivism, either for the consumption of its fruits in the form of drinks or in the extraction of oil and can be grown in agroforestry systems to produce fruits, hearts of palm and, especially, oil. The present study investigated and mapped the occurrence of natural populations of Oenocarpus distichus in Maranhão to identify potential areas to conservation. The research is descriptive and was realized in different municipal headquarters and/or populated in six microregions in the state of Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, Rosário and Itapecuru. The occurrence points were georeferenced and stored on the device GPS. Later, in the software (Qgis 2.18) the conversion of the KML extension coordinates to shapefile was performed, creating a database used to produce the spatial distribution map of bacaba. Among the areas surveyed, the highest occurrence identified was in microregion of Rosário with highlight on the municipalities of Axixá and Presidente Juscelino, followed by microregion of Litoral Ocidental Maranhense through of Serrano do Maranhão. It was constated that bacaba populations are considerable reduced in the mapped areas, however there are still individuals preserved at backyards, favoring conservation strategies on farm.Keywords: Bacaba; Extractivism; Maranhão.RESUMENLas bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) son palmeras típicas de la Amazonia que ocurren con mayor frecuencia en el este, dispersándose del Pará al Maranhão, estados de Brasil. La bacabeira por sus características ecobotánicas presentan grandes oportunidades de ser valoradas en servicios ecosistémicos. Es explotada por el extractivismo, sea para el consumo de sus frutos en la forma de bebida o en la extracción del aceite, pudiendo ser cultivadas en sistemas agroforestales para la producción de frutos, palmito y especialmente, el aceite. El presente estudio investigó y mapeó áreas de ocurrencia de poblaciones naturales de O. distichus en Maranhão para identificar áreas com potencial para la conservación. La investigación es descriptiva y fue realizada en diferentes sedes municipales y/o poblados de seis microrregiones del estado de Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Occidental Maranhense, Rosário y Itapecuru. Los puntos de ocurrencia fueron georreferenciados y almacenados en el dispositivo GPS. Más adelante en el software (Qgis 2.18), las coordenadas de extensión KML se convertieron en formato shapefile, creando uma base de datos utilizada para producir el mapa de distribuición espacial de bacaba. Entre las seis áreas investigadas la mayor ocurrencia identificada fue en la microrregión de Rosario, con destaque para los municipios de Axixá y Presidente Juscelino; seguido del Litoral Occidental Maranhense, en Serrano do Maranhão. Se constató que las poblaciones de bacaba están bastante reducidas en las áreas mapeadas, sin embargo todavía existen individuos preservados en quintales, favoreciendo estrategias de conservación on farm.Palabras clave: Amazonía; Extractivismo; Maranhão.


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