Hybrid Blue-Green Infrastructure: Feasibility Study for the State of Maharashtra; India

In India, the 2019 monsoon season arrived very late and heavy, following a severe heatwave. This year's monsoons have brought the highest amount of rain in 25 years and with unprecedented spatial variability. In some districts of Maharashtra, higher-than-average rainfall caused massive flooding, which resulted in the submergence of 2 lakh hectares. Whereas remaining states saw the continued drought conditions from monsoon 2018. This unusual monsoon behaviour is considered an example of the impact of climate change and is expected to intensify and worsen over time. The combination of drought followed by heavy rainfall increases the risk of massive flooding, influence on natural and man-made systems, including infrastructure and agricultural production in flooded and dry regions. Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is an interconnected network of natural and anthropogenic components, including water bodies and green and open spaces, like bio-retention cells, rain barrels, infiltration trenches, and vegetation swales.

Detailed Quantification of the Reduction Effect of Roof Runoff by Low Impact Development Practices

Low impact development (LID) has been widely applied to mitigate urban rainwater problems since the 1990s. However, the effect of LID practices has seldom been evaluated in detail. In this study, the effect of individual and combined LID practices on the reduction of roof runoff are specifically quantified considering the hydrological relationship between LID at the building scale and the campus scale at Beijing Normal University (BNU). The results show that individual and combined LID practices effectively reduce roof runoff for all types of rainfall and for rainfall with return periods from 0.5 to 50 years at the building scale. Combination scenarios maintain good performance with fewer areas of composed LID. Most values for the effect of combination scenarios are between the effects of composed LID. To achieve the highest cost efficiency, low elevation greenbelts should be the first choice, and green roofs should only be selected when low elevation greenbelts and rain barrels cannot be implemented. At the campus scale, individual and combined LID practices effectively reduce the outflow from and the overflow in the campus and combination scenarios have the best reduction performance. This study provides an important reference for urban water management and LID related decision making.