The future of AI in our hands? To what extent are we as individuals morally responsible for guiding the development of AI in a desirable direction?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly influential in most people’s lives. This raises many philosophical questions. One is what responsibility we have as individuals to guide the development of AI in a desirable direction. More specifically, how should this responsibility be distributed among individuals and between individuals and other actors? We investigate this question from the perspectives of five principles of distribution that dominate the discussion about responsibility in connection with climate change: effectiveness, equality, desert, need, and ability. Since much is already written about these distributions in that context, we believe much can be gained if we can make use of this discussion also in connection with AI. Our most important findings are: (1) Different principles give different answers depending on how they are interpreted but, in many cases, different interpretations and different principles agree and even strengthen each other. If for instance ‘equality-based distribution’ is interpreted in a consequentialist sense, effectiveness, and through it, ability, will play important roles in the actual distributions, but so will an equal distribution as such, since we foresee that an increased responsibility of underrepresented groups will make the risks and benefits of AI more equally distributed. The corresponding reasoning is true for need-based distribution. (2) If we acknowledge that someone has a certain responsibility, we also have to acknowledge a corresponding degree of influence for that someone over the matter in question. (3) Independently of which distribution principle we prefer, ability cannot be dismissed. Ability is not fixed, however and if one of the other distributions is morally required, we are also morally required to increase the ability of those less able to take on the required responsibility.

Unstable entropies and dimension theory of partially hyperbolic systems

In this paper we define unstable topological entropy for any subsets (not necessarily compact or invariant) in partially hyperbolic systems as a Carathéodory–Pesin dimension characteristic, motivated by the work of Bowen and Pesin etc. We then establish some basic results in dimension theory for Bowen unstable topological entropy, including an entropy distribution principle and a variational principle in general setting. As applications of this new concept, we study unstable topological entropy of saturated sets and extend some results in Bowen (1973 Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 184 125–36); Pfister and Sullivan (2007 Ergod. Theor. Dynam. Syst. 27 929–56). Our results give new insights to the multifractal analysis for partially hyperbolic systems.

Modeling of Frictional Stick-Slip of Contact Interfaces Considering Normal Fractal Contact

In this paper, a physics-based approach is proposed to represent the tangential frictional stick-slip behaviors of contact interfaces in mechanical systems. The modeling idea of the discrete Iwan model is adopted, where the yield forces of Jenkins elements are determined by considering the surface fractal feature and normal loading conditions. Initially, surrogate asperities are defined to express the fractal features of the contact surface topography, and Jenkins elements are used to describe the tangential stick-slip motions between surrogate contact asperities. Then, a geometric series distribution principle of the normal loads at contact asperities is proposed to determine the yield forces of the Jenkins elements. The criterion for identifying the micro- and macro-slips of the contact interfaces is proposed, which are determined by the stick and slip conditions of the largest contact spot. An experimental setup for measuring frictional stick-slip of contact interfaces was constructed, upon which tangential quasi-static experiments were conducted. Satisfactory agreements between the theoretical and experimental results indicates that the proposed modeling approach can perfectly predict the stick-slip behavior of the contact interfaces. Finally, mechanical characteristics of the contact interfaces were investigated in detail by employing the validated modeling approach. Owing to the definite physical significance of the proposed modeling approach, the mechanism of the tangential stick-slip behavior of contact interfaces is partially demonstrated.

A mesh adaptation algorithm using new monitor and estimator function for discontinuous and layered solution

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In this work a novel mesh adaptation technique is proposed to approximate discontinuous or boundary layer solution of partial differential equations. We introduce new estimator and monitor function to detect solution region containing discontinuity and layered region. Subsequently, this information is utilized along with equi-distribution principle to adapt the mesh locally. Numerical tests for numerous scalar problems are presented. These results clearly demonstrate the robustness of this method and non-oscillatory nature of the computed solutions.</p>

Design Research to Support Fourth Grader Learn Addition of Mixed Numbers in RME Learning

Mixed numbers andfraction in general have been a problem for students not only in understanding the concept of itself, but also in understanding the operation of it, such as addition.Thus, supporting students in learning addition of mixed numbers is needed. the aim of this study is to develop a local instructional theory and materials related to supporting students in learning addition mixed numbers. In order to develop the theory, this studyused design research method. The is collected by generatingthe video recording of the learning process, student’s written work, students’ result from pretest and posttest, the result of interview, and also the fields note from the observation. The participants of this study are fourth grade students in one of private elementary school in Palembang. From the study,it can be seen that students have built the reasoning in addition mixed numbers. Some of them are able to use the distribution principle and use equivalence fractions when they adding the mixed numbers, and some of them are directly used the algorithm of changing mixed number to improper fractions. However, it is insufficient to say that the fractions number line has a big role in the students’ finding.

Intermediate dimensions

We introduce a continuum of dimensions which are ‘intermediate’ between the familiar Hausdorff and box dimensions. This is done by restricting the families of allowable covers in the definition of Hausdorff dimension by insisting that $$|U| \le |V|^\theta $$ | U | ≤ | V | θ for all sets U, V used in a particular cover, where $$\theta \in [0,1]$$ θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] is a parameter. Thus, when $$\theta =1$$ θ = 1 only covers using sets of the same size are allowable, and we recover the box dimensions, and when $$\theta =0$$ θ = 0 there are no restrictions, and we recover Hausdorff dimension. We investigate many properties of the intermediate dimension (as a function of $$\theta $$ θ ), including proving that it is continuous on (0, 1] but not necessarily continuous at 0, as well as establishing appropriate analogues of the mass distribution principle, Frostman’s lemma, and the dimension formulae for products. We also compute, or estimate, the intermediate dimensions of some familiar sets, including sequences formed by negative powers of integers, and Bedford–McMullen carpets.

ASAS PROPORSIONALITAS DALAM PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI SCRAP ANTARA PT. PERTAMINA REFINERY UNIT IV DENGAN VENDOR

<p>Abstract<br />The article aims to know and analyze the basic application of proportionality in the formation phase and the implementation stage of scrap purchase agreements between PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap and the vendors. This research belongs to the type of empirical law research that is descriptive by using a qualitative approach. The data used is primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques using interviews and literature studies. Technical analysis of data used by authors is a qualitative analysis with interactive analysis models. The results showed that the principle of proportionality has been applied to the establishment and implementation of scrap purchase agreements between PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap with the vendors. At the stage of the formation consisting of the negotiation stage, and the drafting phase of the agreement has applied the principle of proportionality by using 4 principles namely the principle of equality of rights, principles of freedom, proportional distribution principle, and the win-win solution principle. The principle of proportionality has also been applied to the implementation of scrap purchase agreements using the principle of equality of rights, principles of freedom, proportional distribution principle so that PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap as the seller and vendor as The buyer has applied the principle of proportionality to all phases of the agreement which starts from the negotiation stage until the implementation of the agreement in achieving a fair exchange of rights and obligations for the parties.<br />Keywords : The principle of Proportionality; Scrap Purchase Agreement; Phase of Agreement Establishment; Phase of Implementation of the Agreement</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penerapan asas proporsionalitas dalam tahap pembentukan dan tahap pelaksanaan perjanjian jual beli scrap antara PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap dengan vendor. Penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam jenis penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Teknis analisis data yang digunakan penulis merupakan analisis kualitatif dengan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asas proporsionalitas telah diterapkan pada tahap pembentukan dan pelaksanaan perjanjian jual beli scrap antara PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap dengan vendor. Pada tahap pembentukan yang terdiri dari tahap negosiasi, dan tahap penyusunan perjanjian telah menerapkan asas proporsionalitas dengan menggunakan 4 prinsip yaitu prinsip kesetaraan hak, prinsip kebebasan, prinsip distribusi proporsional, dan prinsip win-win solution. Asas proporsionalitas juga telah diterapkan pada tahap pelaksanaan perjanjian jual beli scrap dengan menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan hak, prinsip kebebasan, prinsip distribusi proporsional sehingga PT. Pertamina RU IV Cilacap selaku penjual dan vendor selaku pembeli telah menerapkan asas proporsionalitas pada seluruh tahapan dalam perjanjian yang dimulai dari tahap negosiasi sampai tahap pelaksanaan perjanjian dalam mencapai pertukaran hak dan kewajiban yang adil bagi para pihak.<br />Kata Kunci : Asas Proporsionalitas; Perjanjian Jual Beli Scrap; Tahap Pembentukan Perjanjian; Tahap Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Pendahuluan</p>