Analysis of Primary Energy Consumption in the United States

This article examines the overall trend in primary energy consumption from 1635 to 2020 in the United States. Based on the exponential growth model, the annual energy consumption average growth rate and the process characteristic time are determined. The anamorphosis method is used to search for the logistic model parameters. Long-term trends analysis and the corresponding time series fluctuations are carried out. For the fluctuations' analysis, the trend component is preliminarily excluded based on the proportions theory. Near-period values are determined using shift and autocorrelation functions. To predict further energy consumption dynamics, the ARIMA autoregressive model is used, on which basis a local increase in the annual energy consumption level to 97.66 quads Btu is expected by 2025. The US energy consumption dynamics by resource type is considered. A forecast up to 2025 for the primary energy resources consumption shares in their total volume is built on an autoregressive model basis

Using online N2O isotopic measurements to understand grassland N2O emission processes in a changing climate

<div> <p>Biogeochemical processes in soils largely control the atmospheric mixing ratio of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). The growing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture drives anthropogenic N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, which currently surpass projections with some of the highest emissions. In order to adapt mitigation strategies and to model the future N cycle it is crucial to fully understand N<sub>2</sub>O emission pathways in a changing climate. The underlying processes, attributed to microbial transformation of N, primarily occur via the oxic nitrification and anoxic denitrification pathways. These processes depend greatly on soil, plant and ecosystem properties, which in turn rely on meteorological drivers (e.g. air temperature and precipitation). This means that the many environmental factors that drive microbial activity and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in soils are vulnerable to climate change, including extreme events such as droughts. Consequently, the rates of nitrification and denitrification are expected to be strongly impacted by changing climatic conditions, which could also alter the N<sub>2</sub>O production and consumption dynamics across the soil profile.</p> <p>This study aims to understand how N<sub>2</sub>O production and consumption pathways respond to the individual and combined effects of warming, elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, and drought-rewetting events in managed mountain grassland. For the first time, we use online, in-situ stable isotopic measurements of both surface N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and of N<sub>2</sub>O across the soil profile to distinguish pathways for N<sub>2</sub>O production and consumption. Different modeling approaches will be used to reconstruct production and consumption dynamics from soil gas isotopic measurements, and to upscale results to examine global relevance.</p> </div>

Role of location of household and its socio-economic status on energy consumption dynamics in rural Nepal: a categorical data analysis

<div data-canvas-width="397.374989921387">This study is based on data collected from two sample surveys. They are namely survey of 300 households of national grid energy users and 400 households of biogas users. It was conducted in three different rural settings of Nepal. The responses to questions were classifie d into multiple choice options. This generated categorical data and reduced ambiguity and confusion between interviewer and interviewee. Such data were classified into ordinal scale and modelled. As the dependent variable had more than two categories, polytomous and not dichotomous models are developed and fitted. Ten different hypotheses assessing and measuring the energy consumption dynamics are tested. Values of parameters of these model and odds ratio are used in quantifying the impact of change with respect to energy consumption. The variables considered were namely time spent in the collection of firewood, type of house, amount of firewood saved, time saved, employer and school located within 15 min distance. Such data based studies are very crucial for country like Nepal which lacks a strong backbone of accurate and regularly updated official records. They can be generalized to other counties of Asia and Africa. Such results provide guidelines to policy makers and planners regarding formulation of realistic energy policies for such countries.</div>