Cyber Abuse Behaviour in Young Adults : Revenge Porn and how the Bournemouth University Community can learn from the issue.

This paper analyses the impact that victims of cyber extortion face in particularly with revenge pornography. It points out legislation available for remedial action in civil cases such as sextortion. The paper is written to help safeguard university students from online harassment and points out the channels available for reporting incidences of revenge porn.

The Augmentation of Digital Violence during COVID-19

The abrupt onset of the COVID -19 pandemic brought devastating consequences to society as we know it. Connected to the obvious medical, societal, and economic changes, the pandemic also ushered in a world of isolation. Within this world, both media and violence are connected to imposed quarantine and confinement. During the pandemic, many studies indicated the rise of gender-based violence. For example, Mittal and Singh (2020) study the rise of quarantine violence in India. Equally disturbing is the rise of gender-based violence in digital spaces. Anon-IB is an image-based discussion board where anonymous images are posted. However, the board has become a hotbed for revenge porn and incel activity. Dutch police shut the site down in April 2018 (Vaas, 2018), but during the pandemic Anon-IB was able to find loopholes to restart itself. Users can also post headshots of a woman on the site and then ask for “wins,” which translates into nude photos. Anon-IB is location-based, and users often ask for photos of women in the surrounding area. The site also reaches aninternational audience. One example is a past thread from The University of Georgia in Tbilisi, Georgia. This paper discusses the rise of extreme online violence and revenge porn during the pandemic through a discourse analysis of Anon-IB. A discussion of incel culture will also be discussed, using the work of O’Malley et al. (2020) and others as a framework to discuss the internet’s role in ideological extremism and violence.

Urgensi Pengesahan RUU PKS sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Korban Revenge Porn

Based on data obtained from the Annual Records of the National Commission on Women, the percentage of violence against women has increased by 792% in the past 12 years. In addition, cases of Online Gender Based Violence (OGBV) have increased 300% and the most cases are revenge porn cases. This proves that women are one of the most vulnerable subjects to become victims of violence, and violence against women is not only carried out in the real world but also in cyberspace. One of the most common OGBV cases is revenge porn, where a perpetrator threatens to spread pornographic content belonging to the victim online without the victim’s consent with the potential to damage the victim’s reputation. The absence of regulations governing revenge porn makes it difficult for victims to get legal protection. The existence of the Draft Law on the Elimination of Sexual Violence (RUU PKS) which specifically regulates the types of sexual violence has given rise to hope for victims in seeking justice. The purpose of this study is to examine the urgency of the ratification of the RUU PKS regardless of the pros and cons circulating in society in providing legal protection for the victims. This study uses a normative legal research method that emphasized data obtained indirectly, such as legal materials. The results of this study indicate that the existence of laws and regulations such as the Electronic Transaction and Information Act, the Pornography Law, as well as provisions in the Criminal Code are considered insufficient to provide legal protection for the victims. Therefore, it is necessary to ratify the RUU PKS as a legal umbrella to provide protection for the victims.

Gender differences in videoed accounts of victim blaming for revenge porn for self-taken and stealth-taken sexually explicit images and videos

Using video recounts from revenge porn victims, this study explores whether levels of victim blaming differs for the sharing of self- and stealth-taken sexually explicit images and videos. Building on previous work which has demonstrated victim blame for both self- and stealth generated images in occurrences of revenge porn (Zvi & Schechory-Bitton, 2020), the reported study presents an original and ecologically valid methodological approach whereby 342 (76 male, 266 female) participants (Mage = 39.27, SD = 11.70) from the UK watched videoed accounts of real experiences of falling victim to revenge porn, rather than using text based, often fictional, vignettes to attribute blame which dominate studies in this area. All data was collected in 2019. The results demonstrated that significantly more blame was assigned to victims when participants were indirectly rather than directly asked who was to blame for the occurrence of revenge porn, supporting the notion of an unconscious processing bias in attributing blame. More blame was also assigned to those victims who themselves generated the material compared to when it had been acquired without their awareness by a perpetrator, suggesting the cognitive bias to be in line with a just world hypothesis. Male participants were more likely to blame a victim than were female participants, although sex of victim and mode of shared sexually-explicit material (video or image) did not appear to affect levels of victim-blame. Findings are considered in terms of extant research and the need for future work in the area of victim blame and revenge pornography.

Revenge porn

O presente trabalho visa contextualizar as inovações trazidas pela Lei n. 13.718/18, com escopo principal a prática conhecida como Pornografia de Vingança (Revenge Porn ou Revanche Pornográfico), também abordar sua caracterização à luz do Direito Penal. O fenômeno da Pornografia de Vingança é caracterizado pela divulgação sem consentimento de fotos, vídeos, áudios e demais tipos de mídia que possuam conteúdo íntimo da vítima, no ambiente virtual (redes sociais, aplicativos de mensagens instantâneas, hospedagem em websites, entre outros). Por conseguinte, está pesquisa também estudou os crimes oriundos da Lei 13.718/18, e sua conformação. Após a análise dos conceitos iniciais sobre o fato, será discutida a aplicabilidade do crime do art. 218-C, § 1º ao caso Neymar Jr. Vs. Najila Trindade, vez que o autor após ser denunciado por estupro, divulgou imagens e conversas com a vítima, sem identificação e com rosto borrado. Por fim, será examinada a conduta do jogador em conjunto com os mecanismos de enquadramento do tipo penal incriminador e a possibilidade de responsabilização criminal.

Identification of Social-Media Platform of Videos through the Use of Shared Features

Videos have become a powerful tool for spreading illegal content such as military propaganda, revenge porn, or bullying through social networks. To counter these illegal activities, it has become essential to try new methods to verify the origin of videos from these platforms. However, collecting datasets large enough to train neural networks for this task has become difficult because of the privacy regulations that have been enacted in recent years. To mitigate this limitation, in this work we propose two different solutions based on transfer learning and multitask learning to determine whether a video has been uploaded from or downloaded to a specific social platform through the use of shared features with images trained on the same task. By transferring features from the shallowest to the deepest levels of the network from the image task to videos, we measure the amount of information shared between these two tasks. Then, we introduce a model based on multitask learning, which learns from both tasks simultaneously. The promising experimental results show, in particular, the effectiveness of the multitask approach. According to our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses the problem of social media platform identification of videos through the use of shared features.

Maryland’s Underage Sexting Case: Punishing Revenge Porn Victims?

In 2019, the US State of Maryland’s highest court upheld the conviction of a 16-year-old minor for distributing her own ‘child pornography’ when she privately sent a clip of her performing a (completely legal) sexual act to a social media group of which only she and her two best friends were members. Considering that the child porn statute was never meant to prosecute legal and consensual sexting, this criminalization appears to be contra legem in light of the fact that the Court would not have regarded it as an offence if the girl was two years older (which does not make any difference to the legality of the sexual act since the age of sexual consent in Maryland is 16). The Court’s penalization of this act of sexting seems inappositely puritanical especially when it is noted that the convict was a victim of ‘revenge porn’ since one of the two friends leaked the clip in her school in an apparent act of revenge after their friendship ended. This paper analyses both the majority and dissenting opinions of this 2019 judgment to come to the conclusion that the majority ignores the true purport of the US Supreme Court decisions and wrongly invokes the doctrines for interpreting legislative intent to buttress its stance. As Maryland has criminalized acts of ‘revenge porn’, this article’s focus extends to examining how the Court’s failure of factoring in the effect of Maryland’s ‘revenge porn’ statute in discerning the legislative intent of the ‘child porn’ statute has produced an aberration of a statutory interpretation.

Perempuan dan Revenge Porn: Konstruksi Sosial Terhadap Perempuan Indonesia dari Preskpektif Viktimologi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan salah satu Kasus Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) yaitu revenge porn dengan melihat 3 aspek. Antara lain bagaimana peranan perempuan sebagai korban dalam terjadinya revenge porn, penyebab kriminalisasi korban dan upaya perlindungan terhadap korban. Pandemi Covid-19 memaksa orang-orang untuk tinggal di dunia maya. Peningkatan jumlah penggunaan teknologi internet tersebut selaras dengan peningkatan kasus Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO). Komnas Perempuan mencatat terdapat 97 kasus kekerasan di dunia maya dimana 33% diantata kategori revenge porn. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data studi dokumentasi. Peneleti menggunakan teori viktimologi dan konstruksi sosial guna mengkaji permasalan yang ada. Ditinjau dari prespektif viktimologi perempuan dalam kasus revenge porn termasuk dalam latent victim. Selain itu tak jarang perempuan dalam kasus revenge porn kerap terkriminalisasi yang disebabkan oleh budaya patriarki yang mengakar kuat dalam masyarakat. Payung hukum yang ada pun juga tak jarang menyebabkan korban terkriminalisasi sehingga dibutuhkan payung hukum baru yang mampu melindungi korban. ===== This study aims to describe one of the cases of online gender based violence (KBGO), namely revenge porn by looking at 3 aspects. Among other things, how is the role of women as victims in the occurrence of revenge porn, the causes of criminalization of victims and efforts to protect victims. The Covid-19 pandemic is forcing people to live in cyberspace. The increase in the use of internet technology is in line with the increase in cases of Online Gender Based Violence (KBGO). Komnas Perempuan noted that there were 97 cases of violence in cyberspace, of which 33% belonged to the revenge porn category. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques of documentation studies. The researcher uses the theory of victimology and social construction to examine the existing problems. From the perspective of victimization, women in the case of revenge porn are included in the latent victim. In addition, it is not uncommon for women in revenge porn cases to be criminalized due to the patriarchal culture that is deeply rooted in society. The existing legal regulation also often causes victims to be criminalized so that a new legal regulation is needed that is able to protect victims.

30. Obscene communication and publication offences (additional chapter)

This chapter deals with the offences addressed in the Obscene Publications Acts 1959 and 1964, and related offences. These offences not only have implications for freedom of speech but also raise important issues about the appropriate boundaries of criminalization. Obscene publications are governed by s 2(1) of the Obscene Publications Act 1959. This chapter also considers extreme pornography and other offensive communications offences such as malicious communications, obscenity in the theatre, possession of prohibited images of children, posting indecent or obscene matter, indecent displays, outraging public decency, revenge porn and recent proposals for reform.