НОВИЙ ЛОКАЛІТЕТ ORNITHOGALUM BOUCHEANUM (KUNTH) ASCH. В МЕЖАХ МІСТА ХАРКОВА

Наведено результати дослідження багаточисельної популяції червонокнижного виду Ornithothogalum boucheanum, виявленої вперше на території міста Харків у 2016 році. Для території міста Харків – це єдине відоме авторам природнє місцезростання виду, хоча він культивується в окремих ботанічних закладах Харкова. Дана популяція знаходиться на північній межі ареалу зростання O. boucheanum в Україні. На единій площі близько 7 га поблизу р. Немишля O. boucheanum масово зростає переважно на трьох основних ділянках загальною чисельністю у кілька тисяч квітучих особин, займаючи від 5 до 15% у загальному проективному покритті. Рястка Буше зростає у складі напівприродних рослинних угруповань з елементами антропогенної трансформації і домінуванням лучних (Ranunculus pedatus, Carex praecox, Poa angustifolia, P. pratensis, P. bulbosa , Elymus repens), лісових (Ficaria verna, Alliaria petiolata, Poa nemoralis) та рудеральних (Urtica dioica, Taraxacum campylodes, Cirsium arvense тощо) видів. Одна досліджена ділянка наразі зайнята лучною рослинністю, дві інші розташовані серед дерев з середньою (0,7) або невеликою (0,3) зімкненістю крон. Територія зростання дослідженої популяції знаходиться під впливом антропогенної діяльності (сінокосіння, косіння трави електричними засобами, випас тварин), але швидкий розвиток рослин O. boucheanum навесні і відмирання листків вже під час цвітіння призводять до того, що косіння і незначний випас не впливають на чисельність рослин дослідженого виду. Присутня велика кількість молодих рослин від вегетативного та насінного розмноження. Велика площа, на якій знайдені квітучі рослини O. boucheanum, практична відсутність на обстежених ділянках штучного озеленення та велика кількість знайдених рослин свідчать про те, що досліджена популяція є автохтонною. Авторські фотографії O. boucheanum з дослідженої території занесені до міжнародних баз даних iNaturalist та UkrBIN. Територія дослідження має важливе значення як місце зростання рослини занесеної до Червоної книги України, тому має отримати природоохоронний статус.

Patterns of vegetation succession in abandoned fields in semi-arid conditions

Successions in old fields were studied on the example of the Starobilski steppes within Luhansk Oblast (Ukraine), region located in the basin of the left tributaries of the Siversky Donets, in the southern spurs of the Central Russian Upland. Stationary surveys were conducted in the Striltsivsky Steppe affiliate of the Luhansk Nature Reserve, with 269 ha of old fields (26% of the area) in its territory. Geobotanical releves were performed in 26 plots of abandoned fields, constant monitoring surveys were carried out in 15–27 year-old abandoned fields in the territory of the Reserve and 5–15 year-old abandoned fields in the territory of its buffer zone. In total, the itinerary and detailed surveys were conducted for about 50 plots of abandoned fields. The restoration of the steppe communities was seen only in the plots where grazing and/or mowing took place, which prevented the formation of dense litter and distribution of woody species. The long domination of rhizome grasses (Elytrigia repens) were characteristic in conditions of moderate-level disturbance (in the reserve), transition to the domination of bunchgrasses (Festuca valesiaca) was seen at the age of around 25 years, during the transitional period (20–25 years) communities with unstable structure formed, comprising E. repens, F. valesiaca and forbs (Achillea pannonica and Fragaria viridis). Duration of the stage of segetal and ruderal species in the sites under low effect was 10 years, the communities of unstable structure formed at the age of 5–10 years. In the conditions of stable moderate and high effect of grazing (high disturbance), we observed formation of bunchgrass communities at the age of 15 years. In the unused plots, we saw formation of phytocoenoses of shrubs at different stages of succession, starting from 10 years. The most abundant group of such kind comprised thickets of Ulmus pumila (with E. repens and Poa angustifolia in the herbaceous layer) and Prunus stepposa. The peculiarity of contemporary processes in the abandoned fields related to exacerbation of the vegetation’s anthropogenic transformation is distribution of alien tree species from plantations, the most aggressive of which are Ulmus pumila, Fraxinus lanceolata, Acer negundo, Elaeagnus angustifolia. The peculiarity of the succession processes in the region of studies was the domination of species of broad ecological spectrum, characteristic for abandoned fields of northern forest-steppe regions (Bromopsis inermis, Calamagrostis epigeios, Poa angustifolia, Fragaria viridis) and southern steppe regions (Bromus sguarrosus, Anisantha tectorum, Achillea pannonica, Artemisia austriaca), certain communities form dependent on the climatic conditions and type of land use in the period of succession in particular plots.

Инвазионная активность Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. в лесостепи Приобья

Представлены результаты оценки изменения видового состава и продуктивности двух природныхлуговых сообществ – злаково-люцернового и кострецового при семенном возобновлении в них Trifolium pannonicum, средиземноморско-европейского вида, интродуцированного в лесостепь Западной Сибири в качестве кормового высокопродуктивного долголетнего растения, устойчивого к болезням и вредителям. Показано, что при разрастании T. pannonicum урожайность обоих лугов увеличилась в 1,6–2,0 раза и изменилось долевое участие в составе травостоя отдельных видов. На внедрение T. pannonicum отрицательно реагировали такие доминанты луговых сообществ лесостепного Приобья, как Medicago falcatа, рыхлодерновинные злаки – Poa angustifolia, Dactylisglomerata, Festuca pratensis, а также большая часть видов лугового разнотравья. В то же время у длиннокорневищных видов злаков – Bromopsis inermis и Elytrigia repens отмечена положительная реакция на присутствиеT. pannonicum, выраженная в увеличении их продуктивности.

Ecological and biological properties of lawn coverages of city of Nikopol (Dnepropetrovsk area)

The value of lawns shows up completer in all, when they occupy 40 – 90 % of the areas of green plantations. However in industrial cities their part is less, they have the mainly unsatisfactory state, contain the ruderal species. Therefore an ecological ground of creation of proof lawn phytocenosis in cities with high technogenic pressure, and also development of research and practice measures of their arrangement in the conditions of certain anthropogenic landscape taking into account the ecologic and biologic features of turf-forming species and terms of the urbanized environment is the scientific issue. The aim of our research is: on the basis of ecologo-phytocenotic researches to set the phytocenotic features of lawns and coverage of lawn type of the urbanized ecosystems on the example of Nikopol for development of ecological bases of creation of proof cenosis in municipal habits and decision of questions of optimization of environment. The trial areas under study were located among grasses of grass type and ornamental lawns in the city of Nikopol. The administrative and residential areas of the city were covered. In total, thirty test sites of size 1m2 (metrics) were described, divided into 120 areas of size 0,0625 m2. Characteristics were studied on each test area: illumination, species composition, percentage of projective coverage of each species found, percentage of free plant area. In the 30 trial sites covered by our research, 44 species of plants belonging to 15 families were identified. Species saturation of investigated test areas (1m2) varied from 10 to 17 species. Among the families, the primacy of the species composition was occupied by Asteraceae and Poaceae.Taking into account the instructions of V.V. Tarasov, the spectrum of the first percentages of the occurrence of families reproduces the composition of the regional flora with the dominance of cereals and herbs. The analysis of herbaceous vegetation was carried out taking into account the prevalence (in the event of a species) and the quantitative role in the formation of grass (projective coverage). This made it possible to find out the potentialities of species in a certain growth area, that is, competing ability.The triumphal triumph in the whole spectrum of the species we found among the grasses are Trifolium repens L. (occurrence of 93%), Polygonum aviculare L. (90 %), Taraxacum officinale Webb. ex Wigg. (83 %), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (80 %), Achillea submillefolium Klok. et Krytska (70 %), Convolvulus arvensis L. (70 %) etc. These are representatives of weed vegetation, for the most part – ruderal species, and even those that are quarantine and undesirable for urban lawn phytocoenoses.Of the Poaceae family, Poa angustifolia L. (87%), Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevsky (77%), Lolium perenne L. (70%) have high incidence. The indicated plants are representatives of both steppe flora, and ray and even forest, which speaks of a wide range of ecological conditions of location among studied lawn phytocoenoses. Typical species that are able to form the most decorative grass cover (according to the classification of O. Laptev) are represented by the species Poa angustifolia, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis L., Festuca valesiaca Gaud. Their prevalence in the herb is quite variable: from the presence on most of the test areas - Poa angustifolia, to those who met quite rarely – Festuca valesiaca.Most of the investigated test areas form a thin-grasshopper and pyrite-grass-mixed grass group, which corresponds to the specific structure of meadow lawns and conventional urban grasslands. The ecological and phytocenotic composition of the investigated vegetation groups of the lawn type reflects the system formed by certain representatives that make up the botanical and ecological basis for the creation of stable long-lived grass coverings in the urban agglomeration of the steppe zone, is an objective benchmark for targeting the corresponding phytocoenic processes in the desired direction.Correlations analysis of projective coatings was performed to find out the relationship between Ambrosia artemisiifolia and other representatives of the lawn flora. The calculation is based on data from the area of ​​0.25m2 (120 sites). The obtained materials allowed to reveal a mutual correlation of quantitative indicators with a high degree of statistical probability. Thus, a probable negative correlation between the parameters of the projective cover of the plants of the family Fabaceae and Ambrosia artemisiifolia was found.

Old-field vegetation of the central part of the museum-preserve «The Kulikovo Field» (Tula region)

The museum-preserve «The Kulikovo Field» is situated in the northern part of the Central Russian Upland within the forest-steppe zone near its northern border. There are a lot of abandoned fields, most of them left fallow since 1990–2000 years; the exact age of the old fields is unknown. Using the Braun-Blanquet approach as well as the method of K. Kopecký and S. Hejný (Kopecký, Hejný, 1974; Kopecký, 1992), the classification of the old-field vegetation of the central part of the museum-preserve was carried out. One derivate community, 2 basal communities (one of them with two variants), 3 communities and one association with three variants have been identified. The derivate community Conyza canadensis­ [Artemisietea vulgaris/Stellarietea mediae] is dominated by annual and biennial ruderal species: Conyza canadensis, Lactuca serriola and Carduus acanthoides. The association Convolvulo arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis is heterogeneous both in its floristic and subdominant composition and it can be divided into 3 variants. The variant typica represents monodominant communities where Elytrigia repens prevails. The variant Lactuca serriola is characterized by high constancy of Conyza canadensis, Lactuca serriola and some other ruderal plants and it represents coenoses dominated by Elytrigia repens with subdominants such as Lactuca serriola, Senecio jacobaea and Pilosella spp., mainly P. bauhini. The variant Cichorium intybus is dominated by Elytrigia repens with a subdominant Cichorium intybus; some mesophilous meadow species are often present. Variants Melilotus officinalis and Sonchus arvensis of the basal communityElytrigia repens–Cichorium intybus [Artemisietea vulgaris] are dominated by Cichorium intybus, Poa angustifolia and Elytrigia repens, the first of them also by Melilotus officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, and the second by Carduus acanthoides and Calamagrostis epigeios. Unlike the foregoing syntaxa the basal community Elytrigia repens–Cichorium intybus [Artemisietea vulgaris] is characterized by relative high constancy of some species pertaining to the order Galietalia veri, namely Fragaria viridis, Galium verum, Potentilla argentea. These species and also Poa angustifolia are the first steppificated meadow plants that appear in the old field communities under investigation. The community Pilosella bauhini [Onopordion acanthii] is dominated by Pilosella spp., mainly by P. bauhini that sometimes replaced by some ruderal plants, e. g. Achillea nobilis or Cichorium intybus. The peculiarity of this community is the low constancy and abundance of Elytrigia repens. The species of the orders Galietalia veri and Arrhenatheretalia play much noticeable role in the other syntaxa mentioned below, so these syntaxa are between the natural and synanthropic vegetation. The community Leucanthemum vulgare–Galium mollugo [Onopordion acanthii/Molinio-Arrhenatheretea] is distinguished by high abundance and constancy of some mesophilous and xeromesophilous meadow plants (Leucanthemum vulgare, Galium mollugo, Phleum pratense etc.). The community Artemisia marschalliana [Onopordion acanthii/Galietalia veri] is dominated mostly by Leontodon hispidus and Pilosella spp.; its peculiarity is a relatively high constancy of species common in the local steppificated meadows. The basal community Poa angustifolia [Galietalia veri/Artemisietea vulgaris] represents monodominant communities where Poa angustifolia prevails. Annual, biennial and some perennial ruderal species are rare in this variant, unlike most of the syntaxa mentioned above. The common feature of the last three syntaxa is subdominance of Fragaria viridis. It is known that the floristic composition of communities is changed during an old-field succession: the percentage of annual and biennial species declines and that of species pertaining to the classes of natural vegetation increases (Bonet, Pausas, 2007; Yamalov et al., 2008; Pankratova, Gannibal, 2009). Using the life-form and phytosociological spectrum of the syntaxa analysis an attempt to evaluate succession status of the described communities was made (tab. 9, 10). Based upon the results of this analysis, it is possible to suggest that the derivate community Conyza canadensis [Artemisietea vulgaris/Stellarietea mediae] is the earliest stage one can find in the investigated old fields. The variants Lactuca serriola and typica of the association Convolvulo arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis and the community Pilosella bauhini [Onopordion acanthii] are the next in the series. It seems that Pilosella spp. (P. bauhini and probably some other species of this genus) outcompete the pioneer species of initial stages, like Elytrigia repens, in some cases. The basal community Poa angustifolia [Galietalia veri / Artemisietea vulgaris] seems to be the most advanced stage: the percentage of annuals and biennials is minimal, and that of species pertaining to the syntaxa of natural vegetation of the high ranks, especially to the order Galietalia veri, increases greatly. Species richness of the communities is minimal at the most early stage, which is the peculiarity of the old-field vegetation (Pankratova, Gannibal, 2009; Ovcharova, Yamalov, 2013). Similar phenomenon was also noticed at the succession stages where strong dominant (Elytrigia repens or Poa angustifolia) pre­vails, regardless of how much advanced these stages are, the fact mentioned earlier (Prach, 1985). Species richness attains maximum at those stages of succession where the communities are polydominant and contain both early- and late-successional species, that was also previously described (Meiners et al., 2007).

Species of Erysiphales, Uredinales and Ustilaginales rare or new in Poland

New localities are reported of rare species of <i>Erysiphaceae, Uredinales</i> and <i>Ustilaginales</i> Eleven species, marked are new in the flora of Poland, plant marked are new hosts of fungi in Poland. The more noteworthy new hosts are: <i>Sphaerotheca delphinii (Delphinium exysepalum), Urocystis poae (Poa angustifolia)</i> and <i>Ustilago lolii (Lolium remotum)</i>. The perithecia of <i>Erysiphe galii</i> on <i>Asperula odorata</i> have been recorder in Poland for the first time.

Морфологічна інтегрованість вегетативних пагонів тонконога вузьколистого (Poa angustifolia)

Показано можливість використання методу кореляційних плеяд для визначення життєвості популяції багаторічних злаків поліцентричної біоморфи. Збільшення за роками інтегрального показника плеяди свідчило про прогресуючий розвиток популяції Poa angustifolia L. та збігалося з інвазійним періодом її життєдіяльності. Значення цього критерію, що дорівнює 0,5 і більше, відповідало «нормальному» стану популяції. Його зменшення свідчило про початок деструктивних процесів.

Morphological Features of Two Poa Species on Different Soil Types in Seminatural Grasslands

The Poa pratensis L. and the Poa angustifolia L. are close relative species whose morphological features vary greatly. Our goal was to examine how the inividuals from different soil types of these species differ statistically from one another, whether the morphological features of the variant species differ significantly, and whether they keep their specific features in dissimilar habitats.The quantitative features of the populations developing on distinct soil types wich are statistically separate provide for the different phenotype forming effect of the soil types as variant habitats. There is connection between the soil types and the measurement of the ramets on every soil types. The morphometric values of P. pratensis – that are bigger in all habitats – show that this species genetically widely adapted. Significantly different morphological features were found, but because of the high environmental dependence of the morphological features and of the significantly different characteristics which reveal several overlaps between the two species, these characteristics cannot be considered as reliable identification keys.