Determinants of household water demand: a cross-sectional study in South West Nigeria

Estimating residential water demand in developing countries is complicated by the unique nature of water supply, characterised by unequal access and multiple water sources. Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey of 1,300 households, the determinants of residential water demand were predicted using a multiple linear regression model. The determinants include access to water, household size, trip number, monthly income, payment for water, educational qualification, trip time and house type. The determinants predicted daily water consumption with an F(9, 1,014) = 81.063, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.450. Daily water consumption was found to be 2.8 times more per household and 4.4 times more per capita for those with on-site access, compared to those with off-site access. Moreover, consumption was influenced by the various water source categories.

Selection of Water-Saving Plants and Annual Water Consumption Estimation for Garden Green Spaces in Beijing

Currently, the number of urban garden green spaces (GGSs) being constructed in Beijing is increasing, and their high water resource demands contradict the severe water shortage situation in Beijing that is restricting urban construction and economic development. This has created an urgent need to build water-saving GGSs. This study analyzed and compared the daily/annual water consumption of 79 common plants in Beijing, and low-water-consumption (LWC) trees, shrubs and herbs were selected; additionally, the total annual water consumption (TAWC) of all plants in the built-up areas of all 16 districts in Beijing was calculated according to the result of the eighth general survey of landscaping resources in Beijing. The results are as follows: (1) fifteen LWC tree species were selected from among 25 species, and the average daily water consumption (DWC) was <1.09 kg·m−2; (2) nineteen LWC shrubs were selected from among 35 shrubs, and the average DWC was <1.17 kg·m−2; (3) eleven LWC herbs were selected from among 19 herbs, and the AWC was <460.3 kg·m−2; (4) the TAWC of all trees, shrubs and herb plants in the Beijing GGSs was 1.104 × 109, 0.139 × 109, and 0.16 × 109 m3, respectively. Based on the above results, it was estimated that the TAWC of all plants in the built-up areas of all 16 districts in Beijing is approximately 1.403 × 109 m3. These findings provide a better understanding of the water consumption of GGS plants in cities in semiarid and semihumid climates and can be used to help select LWC greening plants that can reduce water consumption when expanding green areas in cities.

Increase in Daily Household Water Demand during the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Germany

Precautionary measures and governmental regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic’s first wave have drastically altered daily activities and hence water consumption patterns. Many people had to change their working routines, the organization of childcare and hygiene practices. While first evidence appears on the impacts of COVID-19 on, e.g., carbon emissions, energy demand and water treatment, even indicating an unexpected increase in water consumption during that period, no study has investigated the pandemic’s sole and in-depth implications for water supply so far. This paper investigates hourly and daily water consumption volumes of a utility in northern Germany for the first wave of the pandemic. We performed a linear mixed model to compare the 2020 daily water consumption volumes with previous years. We eliminated the effects of climate using Bayesian statistic in order to carve out and estimate the original COVID-19 effect. We also compared hourly water consumption of similar time periods and calculated the percentage difference between 2020 and the two previous years. Our results reveal about 14.3% (3 968 m3) higher residential water consumption per day with higher morning and evening demand peaks during the day. We hypothesis that the reasons for the increasing water demand may be found in changed behavioral routines with an important question for water utilities, if and which of these new dynamics may persist after COVID-19 and hence pose a challenge for long-term infrastructure planning.

WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND PERFORMANCE OF MATURE RABBITS FED ONLY CONCENTRATE DIET

The study was conducted to determine the water consumption pattern and performance of mature rabbit crosses (New Zealand White X California) fed only concentrate diet. Thirty-six rabbits (25±1 wk old) were alloted to three water treatment groups such that there were 12 rabbits per treatment and each treatment was replicated thrice. The three watering schedules were the contol with water served free choice; water was served 10 hours and water was served for two 5-hours periods per day. The animals were fed same concentrate diet ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 60 days. The results indicated that the highest water consumption per day was recorded in the control group followed by those served in two 5-hour period daily. The periodic water measurements revealed that More than half of the daily water consumption in the 10 hour groups were obtained in the early period of water availability (0800-1300 he). The feed consumption, but not weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by watering treatments.

A New Approach to the Maximum Quarterly Water Consumption Modeling on the Example of Individual Water Consumers in a Small Water Supply System

Quarterly water consumption data collected in a small water supply system were used for elaboration of a new water consumption modeling approach. In this paper, multi-distribution statistical analysis was performed. As the Anderson-Darling test proved, at least a half out of the ten tested theoretical probability distributions can be used for description of the water consumption. The application of the PWRMSE criterion made it possible to determine, which of the tested theoretical distributions is the best-fitted to the empirical data set. In the case of total daily water consumption for the group of the households, it was Johnson distribution, whereas for the average daily water consumption per capita, it was GEV distribution. Based on the best-fitted probability distribution, a 25-year water consumption simulation with the Monte Carlo method was conducted. Because methodology of this study is based on the probability distributions, even if the type of theoretical distribution of the water consumption will change, it will be still possible to use this simulation method by assuming the other distribution.

Examination of daily water consumption behaviors of individuals living in a semi-rural area

Background The aim of this study is to investigate water consumption behaviors and related factors in the summer period of the population over the age of 15 who apply to family health centers in the semi-rural region. Methods The universe of this cross-sectional study consisted of adult patients who applied to community health centers of a region in Malatya. A questionnaire was applied to random 303 individuals about sociodemographic information and water and other fluid consumption and water use behavior.And also Chrobach alpha coefficient of 0.83, the validity adopted in Turkey Likert type consisting of 16 questions Water Consumption Behavior Scale-16 (WCBS) was used for data collection. Scale score height is considered good. In the analysis of the data; Mann Whitney-U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. P &lt; 0.05 was chosen as the level of error. Results 49.8% of the participants were male and 64.4% were married. The median daily drinking water consumption of the individuals was 2000 ml (320 ml-1000 ml) and the median daily liquid consumption was 3300 ml (718ml-17001ml). There was no significant difference between age groups, marital status and education level and daily water and other fluid consumptions (p &gt; 0,05). 48.8% of individuals stated that they saved water and the most important reason for this was the high level of water consumption prices.In our study, there was no significant difference between gender, place of residence and number of households and total WCBS scale score.(p &gt; 0,05). But the married individuals' scale score were significantly higher than the single individuals (p &lt; 0,05) Conclusions Water and fluid consumption of individuals are at moderate levels in the region. Marital status was most important factor influencing the water consumption behaviors has been found in this study.When the most important factors in saving water are examined, the high price water bills were noteworthy. Key messages In order to ensure correct water consumption the society should be informed, the necessary sensitivity should be performed to behavioral change and measures should be taken. Adequate daily water consumption is required to protect the health of individuals.

Water Consumption Trend among Students in a University’s Residential Hall

In a university, student can be considered as the largest proportion of the campus residents. A university has to allocate high costs to cover student facilities with a very restricted fund. It is important to understand how the student used these facilities. Hence, in this study, a trend of water consumption among student was investigated. The objective is to identify the amount of water usage per person and the difference between genders. To measure the water consumption among student, water meter reading (in litres) was done by observing every block of student’s hostels at randomly selected days within five weeks. The collected water meter reading (in litres) was analysed using descriptive and some statistical hypothesis tests. From the analysis, it was found that the average daily water consumption of students in the residential halls is exceed average water demand which is 250 litres/student that provided by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). In addition, female student found to consume more water than male student. These outcomes showed that the university should take some initiatives to enhance student awareness on the importance of saving their daily water usage.

ARIMA-M: A New Model for Daily Water Consumption Prediction Based on the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model and the Markov Chain Error Correction

Water resource is considered as a significant factor in the development of regional environment and society. Water consumption prediction can provide an important decision basis for the regional water supply scheduling optimizations. According to the periodicity and randomness nature of the daily water consumption data, a Markov modified autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) model was proposed in this study. The proposed model, combined with the Markov chain, can correct the prediction error, reduce the continuous superposition of prediction error, and improve the prediction accuracy of future daily water consumption data. The daily water consumption data of different monitoring points were used to verify the effectiveness of the model, and the future water consumption was predicted in the study area. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the prediction error compared to the ARIMA.