Zhytomyr Polissya of Ukraine is part of the biogeochemical zones, which is characterized by insufficient content of biotic trace elements, including iodine, lack of which in the environment is a common biological and medical problem. Animals, which being in a single food chain with a man, have geochemical and environmental impacts in a greater degree. The main reason for the decrease in the functional activity of the thyroid gland in cows is low iodine content in soils and, as a consequence, in animal feed and their contamination with radionuclides – 137Cs and 90Sr. Low total contents in the soil of the territory of the synergists of iodine – cobalt – 1.7 – 2.5 mg/kg (optimal 7 – 30), copper –1.1 – 2.7 (15 – 60), zinc – 13.2 – 31.0 mg/kg (30 – 70), and in some places, and manganese contribute to the development of this disease.The symptoms of iodine deficiency, which is typical for hypothyroidism: dryness and hyperkeratosis of the skin, the long hair site the withers, anemone conjunctiva, enophthalm, bradycardia, myxedema, thyroid enlargement were installed by clinical studies. So, 90% of the cows revealed hypofunction of the thyroid gland : content thyroxine the blood serum was in the range 28.3 to 54.7 nmol/l and averaged a 43.8 ± 2.7 nmol/l (3.4 ± 0.21 mg/100 ml).Micronutrient deficiency causes a disruption of haematopoiesis and the development of anemia in 85% of cows that expressed agociting (75 – 80%) and olgahoney (of 41.7 – 66.7 percent). Anemia, mainly macrocytic and hyperchromic, rarely normochromic.Erythrogramma of cows notes longer left part, compared with animals a safe zone, that indicates on a significant number of «old» age of red blood cells, and stretched the right part that is due to the increased number of more resistant to hemolysis immature «young»erythrocytes.