COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIPOPHILIC FRACTIONS OF SHOOTS OF THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS L.

The article presents research of the chemical composition of lipophilic fractions of shoots Crataegus sanguinea Pall. (Rosaceae), Crataegus submollis Sarg. (Rosaceae) and Crataegus almaatensis Pojark. (Rosaceae). Lipophilic extract is obtained from petroleum ether. The components of the lipophilic fraction were separated and identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. 36 compounds were identified in lipophilic fractions: hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, diterpenoids and sterols. Their presence may determine the pharmacological properties of hawthorn shoots. These research expand information about the chemical composition of these hawthorn species and can be used in the development of a new drug.

The Combination of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Synergistically Increases Reactive Carbonyl Species in Human Male Plasma

Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are major risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases. Although it has been reported that the combination of these habits worsens risks, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) cause chemical modifications of biological molecules, leading to alterations in cellular signaling pathways, and total RCS levels have been used as a lipid peroxidation marker linked to lifestyle-related diseases. In this study, at least 41 types of RCS were identified in the lipophilic fraction of plasma samples from 40 subjects using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Higher levels of 10 alkanals, 5 trans-2-alkenals, 1 cis-4-alkenal, and 3 alkadienals were detected in the smoking/drinking group (N = 10) as compared to those with either habit (N = 10 each) or without both habits (N = 10) in the analysis of covariances adjusted for age and BMI. The levels of 3 alkanals, 1 trans-2-alkenal, 1 alkadienal, and 1 4-hydroxy-2-alkenal in the smoking/drinking group were significantly higher than those in the no-smoking/drinking and no-smoking/no-drinking groups. These results strongly indicate that the combination of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking synergistically increases the level and variety of RCS in the circulating blood, and may further jeopardize cellular function.

Migration of Avocado Virgin Oil Functional Compounds during Domestic Cooking of Eggplant

Avocado virgin oil (AVO) was used during eggplant deep-frying, boil, and boil in a water-oil mixture (W/O). There were measured the contents of moisture, dry matter, fat, total (TPC) and ten individual phenols, antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH), and total sterols; as well as the profiles of eight fatty acids and fourteen sterols/stanols. The values of raw and processed foods were compared and studied with multivariate analysis. The antioxidant capacity of AVO lowered after deep frying but augmented in eggplant and water after all treatments. The TPC was steady in AVO and raised in fried eggplant. Thermal treatments added to the initial profiles of the AVO, eggplant and water, nine, eight, and four phenols, respectively. Percentages of the main fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and linoleic), and sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, and Δ5-avenasterol), remained unchanged between the raw and treated AVO; and the lipidic fractions from processed eggplant. Cooking leads to the movement of hydrophilic and lipophilic functional compounds between AVO, eggplant and water. Migration of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids from AVO to eggplant during deep frying and W/O boiling improved the functional properties of eggplant by adding the high biological value lipophilic fraction to the naturally occurring polyphenols.

Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Cold-Pressed Oils—Possible Strategies to Improve Oil Stability

The relations of the antiradical capacity to oxidative stability parameters and the contents of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols, phenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll, Cu, and Fe were assessed in 33 cold-pressed seed oils: Walnut (7 brands of oils), rosehip (3), camelina (6), milk thistle (5), flax (6), and pumpkin (6). The antiradical capacity of oils depended strongly on tocopherol contents with a synergistic effect with polyphenols. The efficacy of tocopherols in cold-pressed oils was accompanied by a negative correlation of their antioxidant capacity with the peroxide value increase after 3 months of shelf life. This study also showed a positive correlation between the content of phytosterols and the antiradical capacity in the lipophilic fraction of cold-pressed oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Multiple regression analysis identified groups of antioxidants naturally occurring in cold-pressed oils in relation to their fatty acid composition, which added to the cold-pressed oils could provide possible strategies to improve their stability. Achieving high stability is primarily a result of high phytosterol content exceeding the molar ratio of 1:100 for total phytosterols to α-linolenic acid. However, the molar ratios of tocopherols to linoleic acid below 1:2000 and polyphenols to linoleic acid below 1:3000 does not prevent oxidation in oils with the predominance of linoleic acid.

Ozonation of Hot Red Pepper Fruits Increases Their Antioxidant Activity and Changes Some Antioxidant Contents

The effect of treatment of pepper fruits with gaseous ozone and storage time following the ozonation process on changes in the content of lipophilic fraction is analyzed for the first time in this paper. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of ozone treatment on the composition of lipophilic compound fraction and its antioxidant activity (AA). Pepper fruits of cv. Cyklon were ozonated for 1 and 3 h immediately after harvesting. Then, the fruits were stored for 30 days under refrigeration conditions. The total content of phenolic compounds and the AA of the lipophilic fraction isolated from the pericarp and placenta of the fruits were investigated after 10, 20, and 30 days of storage. Additionally, quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection analysis of individual phenolic compounds was performed. The results revealed that the content and activity of secondary metabolites varied during storage, with the highest values recorded on the 20th day after harvest, both in control and ozonated fruits, regardless of the ozone dosage used. Treatment of the fruits with ozone for 3 h, but not for 1 h, exhibited a positive effect on the phenolic composition and AA during the prolonged storage of pepper fruits. Three hours of ozonation seems to be the appropriate time to increase the persistence of pepper fruits during storage.

Investigation of lipophilic substances of the leaves and flowers of spindle tree (Euonymus Europaea L.)

Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaea L.) has long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of dermatomycoces and as an antiparasitic and anthelmintic agent. However, with what substances it is associate this activity, it is not known for certain. In a previous work, a was developed extracting scheme from the bark of Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaea L.) to obtain water-soluble and lipophilic substances and the composition of the lipophilic fraction was studied using the GC-MS method. The purpose of this work was to obtain lipophilic substances from the flowers and leaves of Spindle Tree and to compare their chemical composition with the composition of substances obtained from the bark of the plant. Flowers and leaves were dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 52 °C, after which a fraction of lipophilic substances was obtained by extraction with petroleum ether. This fraction was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For this, a chromatographic column was used, which was washed with methanol (model NR-5ms, length 30 m, diameter 0.25 mm, filler: 95% dimethylpolysiloxane + 5% diphenylpolysiloxane; carrier gas ‒ helium with a constant flow of 1.5 ml/min) and 6C / MS Agilent Technologies 6890 N / 5975 B mass spectrometer (USA). The etxtraction by petroleum ether was obtained fraction of lipophilic substances in the amount of 0.83% of the taken weight of dried flowers and 0.62% by weight of dried leaves. In total, 28 compounds were detected in flowers, and 19 in leaves. It was established that flowers and leaves of Spindle Tree, like bark, are characterized by a high content of paraffinic carbohydrates (from C20H42 to C31H64). Their content is higher in flowers (more than 50% of the composition of the fraction), and in leaves and bark ≈ 35%. Steroid and terpene compounds in the lipophilic fractions of the leaves and bark of the plant are respectively 28.26% and 24.32%. Among them quantitatively dominated by freedeen. A rather high content of squalene (2.06%) was found in the leaves of the plant. Among other compounds, a significant proportion of fatty acids and their esters, of which 24.59% by weight of the lipophilic fraction of flowers and 14.74% by weight of the lipophilic fraction of leaves. An analysis of the results indicates a greater promise for the use in medicine of lipophilic substances of the bark and leaves of Spindle Tree than of flowers.