MENURUNKAN FREKUENSI KERUSAKAN SISTEM MESIN DENGAN MEMODIFIKASI JADWAL MAINTENANCE PADA BUS MRT SCANIA TIPE K310 DAN PENANGANAN LIMBAH YANG DITIMBULKANNYA

UT cabang On Road merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang dipilih oleh operator bus Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta untuk melakukan kontrak perawatan pada unit Scania K310 IB Maxi Bus miliknya, sehingga unit bus siap beroperasi melayani transportasi publik. Pada 2021 unit bus tipe K310 mengalami persoalan berupa mesin yang mati mendadak. Pengecekan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa aliran bahan bakar dari filter bahan bakar ke mesin mengalami sumbatan sehingga alirannya tidak lancar. Dari persoalan yang timbul ini maka dilakukan penyelidikan dan ditemukan aliran bahan bakar yang tidak lancer ke mesin. Dari buku referensi yang ada, penggunaan solar B30 yang ada di pasaran Indonesia akan menyebabkan usia saringan bahan bakar menjadi lebih pendek. Oleh karena itu dilakukan perbaikan pada sistem penyaringan (filter) bahan bakar dengan mempercepat penggantian pre fuel filter dari per 20.000 km pemakaian, menjadi setiap 10.000 km pemakaian. Proses ini dilakukan guna menghindari denda dari operator bus akibat tidak beroperasi dan terjadinya di jalur khusus bus yang mengakibatkan kemacetan. Metodologi penelitian yang dilakukan adalah mengecek peyebab mogoknya unit, mengambil sampel bahan bakar yang ada di filter dan mengirimkan ke lab utuk di analisis kandungannya sehingga dapat diambil tindakan. Proses perbaikan ini dapat menurunkan kerusakan mesin sampai dengan 0% sehingga target Physical Availability (PA) unit tercapai. Percepatan penggantian saringan bahan bakar ini mengakibatkan jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan dari saringan tersebut juga makin banyak sehingga perlu dibuat juga sistem pengolahan limbah bahan bakar agar dapat dipakai dan tidak dibuang secara percuma.

An Endogenous Retroviral LTR-Derived Long Noncoding RNA lnc-LTR5B Interacts With BiP to Modulate ALV-J Replication in Chicken Cells

Infection with the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) impairs host genes and facilitates the establishment of chronic infection and the viral life cycle. However, the involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ALV-J infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel chicken lncRNA derived from LTR5B of the ERV-L family (namely lnc-LTR5B), which is significantly downregulated in ALV-J infected cells. lnc-LTR5B was localized in the cytoplasm and was relatively high expressed in the chicken lung and liver. Notably, the replication of ALV-J was inhibited by the overexpression of lnc-LTR5B but enhanced when lnc-LTR5B expression was knocked down. We further confirmed that lnc-LTR5B could bind to the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. Mechanistically, lnc-LTR5B serves as a competing endogenous RNA for BiP, restricting its physical availability. Upon ALV-J infection, the reduction of lnc-LTR5B released BiP, which facilitated its translocation to the cell surface. This is crucial for ALV-J entry as well as pro-survival signaling. In conclusion, we identified an endogenous retroviral LTR-activated lnc-LTR5B that is involved in regulating the cell surface translocation of BiP, and such regulatory machinery can be exploited by ALV-J to complete its life cycle and propagate.

Accessibility of alcohol as a risk factor contributing towards alcohol abuse amongst the youth of a selected rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Alcohol abuse amongst the youth is one of the major problems the world is facing, especially in rural communities where the majority of young people are unemployed and have little to do with their time. This study sought to determine the accessibility of alcohol amongst the youth of a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa. This was a qualitative study which employed the exploratory case study research design which allowed the researchers to explore the risk factors for youth alcohol abuse. Interviews were conducted to collect data which was analysed thematically. The Eco-systems theory was used as a guiding theory for this study. The study found that there were clear associations between physical availability of alcohol, its affordability and high density of liquor outlets in one area and youth alcohol abuse. This study concluded that alcohol and other substance abuse call for preventative and intervention measures in rural communities targeted at the youth. Issues such as educating parents and guardians on how to improve their parenting skills in relation to alcohol consumption and the dangers thereof proved to be of greater need in the rural communities.

Analysis of the availability and affordability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care

Objective: to analyze the availability and affordability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care.Materials and methods. The price, affordability and physical availability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care were analyzed in accordance with the Health Action International guidelines of the World Health Organization. Linear distribution index (LDI) was calculated to produce the best estimates of availability. Research data was sourced from AlphaRM (as of April 26, 2021) and International Medicine Reference Piece Data. The data array was based on the fiscal data provided by pharmacies. The research was carried out on the total population of pharmacies in the Russian Federation (69,050 pharmacies) and in St. Petersburg (1986 pharmacies).Results. Pharmaceutical price and affordability estimates show that low-priced generics, which cover over 75% of the whole range, have the most optimal median value of the median price ratio (MPR<1) on top of low affordability ratios (AR<1). Ibuprofen, paracetamol, gabapentin, diazepam, morphine, midazolam, and carbamazepine were found to be the least affordable medications, price-wise (MPR>1). Midazolam (AR=2.494), morphine (AR=2.324), and celecoxib (AR=1.373) had low affordability. Notably, prescription-based pharmaceuticals such as diazepam, midazolam, tramadol, morphine, and fentanyl had the lowest physical availability scores (LDI<3%) in the Russian market compared to the relatively high scores of over-the-counter drugs (LDI>60%).Conclusions. The results call for better organizational action in the pharmaceutical industry to provide due drug regimens to children in need of palliative care.

PROMPT PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF THE MILITARY ‒ CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES, COMPONENTS

Endurance (the ability to sustain activity), strength (the ability to overcome endurance) and motor skills (the functional application of force and endurance to react operatively to stimuli in the form of effective movement) are essential features for the physical performance of the military and, on a larger scale, for their success in the military system. Prompt physical availability is the ability to meet the physical requirements of any service or combat situation, in order to fulfill the mission or continue the fight until victory is achieved. Looking ahead, the multi-field approach in military operations identified the need for the military to be constantly physically prepared so that they would be available to fight in extreme environments of dispute and difficulty. Both tactical and physical training will remain a key component of combat training, and military physical education specialists must find solutions to integrate physical training into tactical field training exercises. Keywords: prompt physical availability, concepts of training, physical training, workout, military physical education.

Ageism Kills Brands

Market share growth requires building mental and physical availability among all category buyers. However, if younger category buyers are more likely to purchase new-to-market products, then perhaps younger buyers are, relatively speaking, more important for growth. This research investigates the relationship between category buyer age, brand buyer age, and brand failure. When sub-brand buyer age is younger than category buyer age, the sub-brand is likely to be (a) new-to-market or (b) growing in market share. Older-than-category sub-brand-buyer age is likely for sub-brands that are (a) declining or (b) dead. Results from 17 years (1998–2014) of U.K. household panel data, including 5,913 sub-brands from 101 categories, show that age skews were uncommon (only 18% of sub-brands), and second, that growing, stable and declining sub-brands appealed equally to all ages. Finally, we identified that new launches and dead brands tend to skew to younger consumers, suggesting that new launches need to appeal to all ages to avoid failure.

AVAILABILITY OF NON-BEVERAGE ALCOHOLS IN RUSSIA IN 2015-2020: WERE CONTROL POLICIES IMPLEMENTED SINCE 2005 EFFECTIVE?

Consumption of non-beverage alcohol is an important aspect of hazardous drinking, impacting mortality from various causes of death. Since 2005, non-beverage alcohols in Russia have been the subject of active regulation to control their consumption for drinking. This study was purported to determine whether non-beverage alcohols were available in Russia in 2015–2020 to assess the effectiveness of implemented control policies. During the first wave of the survey between 2015 and 2017, 50 Russian cities of various sizes, types, and locations were surveyed. The second wave was conducted between 2018 and 2020 in 5 cities, which were surveyed during the first wave. Fieldworkers visited various retail outlets and purchased samples of non-beverage alcohols: spirituous liquids with an ethanol content of at least 60% by volume sold at a price of less than 45 roubles per bottle ($0.57, €0.49, £0.44). Up until 2016 various types of non-beverage alcohols known as consumed for drinking were available in retail. The availability of these alcohols differed between cities depending on the level of local enforcement of control regulations. The regulations enacted in response to the 2016 Irkutsk outbreak of mass alcohol poisonings, caused by the consumption of methanol containing fake bath additive “Hawthorn”, removed from the market several types of non-beverage alcohols, significantly reducing their availability since 2017. However, low-cost ethanol sources, such as medicinal tinctures, antiseptics, not denatured eau-de-colognes, remained available in 2017-2020, while new sorts of cheap non-beverage alcohols suitable for drinking were introduced to the market (antiseptics for veterinary use, anti-SARS-CoV-2 hand sanitizers). Illegal alcoholic beverages commonly produced from diverted pharmaceutical/medicinal ethanol were also available in retail networks selling non-beverage alcohols. Since 2005, policies implemented and especially those reinforced and newly enacted in 2017 and later in response to the 2016 Irkutsk outbreak, may have indeed reduced the physical availability of non-beverage alcohols. However, more decisive action is still required to prevent consumption of newly appearing and existing specific sorts of non-beverage alcohols and illegal alcoholic beverages, which are commonly produced from the licit or diverted from the legal market unrecorded illicit pharmaceutical/medicinal ethanol.