The Distinction of Government Administration and Judicial Institutions in The Umayyad Dynasty

This paper aimed to reveal the government administration system's distinction in finance and justice that existed in the Umayyad. The Umayyad had the right side in improving government administration, finance, economy, and justice. To what extent was the reform and distinction of government administration, finance, and judiciary pursued by the Umayyad that led to society's benefit besides the atrocities he had ever made? The researchers conducted a library study with a descriptive analysis approach, collected sources, verified, and interpreted the policies and updates made by the Umayyad. The study showed the Umayyad had made distinctions and reforms that brought about a lot of benefits. Although they seemed the duplication of Persian and Roman governments, financial administration policies still referred to Islamic rules and were not influenced by Rome and Persia. The most significant reform was establishing the Mazalim Court separated from the ordinary judiciary. The perpetrators of this crime were not ordinary people but state officials handled directly by the caliph and judges who could act reasonably and act decisively. A vast area of neat administration supported the economic activity, and along with Islamic law, the Umayyad did not exercise a monopoly. However, this government lasted shortly for 90 years (661-750 AD) because of the power succession policy, the ruler's lifestyle, fanaticism, and political opponents' attack.

The Beginning of the Last Dynasty of the Roman Empire

The article focuses on the principles and mechanisms of the supreme power transition from one ruler of the Roman Empire to another one and on Theodosius’ the Great accession to power. Hereditary monarchy principle was not always basic in the history of imperial Rome in spite of dynasties. Actually, throughout the era of the Empire, the army proclaimed each new emperor; also, the recognition of the legal heir required the soldiers’ approval. An attempt to create an artificial mechanism, presented by the system of tetrarchy, failed, therefore after Constantine the supreme power transition by hereditary principle seemed to be affirmed. However, the sudden death of Julian, who had no heirs, made the Empire return to the choice of emperor by the army. It led to the establishment of the Valentinian dynasty. After the Battle of Adrianople and the death of the eastern emperor Valens, the power succession problem was resolved in an unexpected way: Spaniard Theodosius, retired military commander was proclaimed the new emperor and he was the third one, because two Augusti from the Valentinian dynasty had already existed. The circumstances of his rise and accession to power are differently covered in the sources and do not allow researches to make firm conclusions about how it actually happened. As is often the case in history, not the only one factor could play a role, but their combination and intermingle. Theodosius had founded a dynasty, which remained in power for almost a century and which could be considered the last dynasty of the Roman Empire that reigned both in western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire.

Study of the Nature of Philip VI of Spain Political Discourse Based on Official Statements

Political discourse has lately become subject to linguistic analysis. Politics and global affairs intertwine with human everyday life so seamlessly that the necessity to identify, understand, and explain their manipulative influence becomes more and more avid. The article makes a conscious effort to analyze Spanish monarch’s statements in terms of forms, figures of speech and stylistic devices as well as how intentional understatement is used to manipulate the audience’s perception of the current state of affairs. Thus, a clear manifestation of power succession principle in the monarch’s political discourse can be observed as well as conscious efforts in indirect manipulative influence on peoples’ thoughts and actions.

The Khataks’ Tribal Chronicle (XVII-XVIII): Extraliterary Text Functions

The paper briefly examines underlying ideology and extraliterary functions of the texts, which constitute the largest part of the Pashtun historiographical work Tārīkh-i muraṣṣa‘ (finished in 1724) and may be classified by genre as tribal chronicle. Under discussion are two related extraliterary functions, both pertaining to the general idea of continuity. It is argued that the principal ideological message of the chronicle, on the one hand, aims at maintaining the continuity of the accepted tribal knowledge of the past and, on the other, strives for the necessity of abiding the laws of power succession within ruling clans according to the principle of primogeniture.