BSA‑Seq and Genetic Mapping Reveals AhRt2 as a Candidate Gene Responsible for Red Testa of Peanut

Testa color is an important trait of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanuts with red testa are rich in anthocyanin, are very popular with consumers. However, genes responsible for the red testa trait in peanut are rarely reported. In order to fine map red testa gene, two F4 populations were constructed through the cross of YZ9102 (pink testa) with ZH12 (red testa) and Zhanhong2 (red testa). Genetic analysis indicated that red testa was controlled by a single recessive gene, and named as AhRt2 (Red testa gene 2). Using BSA-seq approach, AhRt2 was preliminary identified in chromosome 12, and further mapped to a 530-kb interval using 220 recombinant lines through linkage mapping. Functional annotation, expression profiling, and sequence variation analyses confirmed that the anthocyanin reductase (ANR), Arahy.IK60LM, was the most likely candidate gene for AhRt2. A SNP in the third exon of AhRt2 changed the encoding amino acids, was associated with red testa of peanut. In addition, a closely linkaged molecular marker to red testa trait was developed. Our result provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying peanut testa color and provide valuable diagnostic marker for marker-assisted selected (MAS) breeding in peanut.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Unveil Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink and Red Testa of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of oil and food around the world, and the testa color affects its appearance and commercial value. However, few studies focused on the mechanism of pigment formation in peanut testa. In this study, cultivars Shanhua 15 with pink testa and Zhonghua 12 with red testa were used as materials to perform the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. A total of 198 flavonoid metabolites were detected, among which petunidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin O-acetylhexoside in Zhonghua12 were 15.23 and 14.72 times higher than those of Shanhua 15 at the R7 stage, revealing the anthocyanins underlying the red testa. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 6059 and 3153 differentially expressed genes between Shanhua 15 and Zhonghua 12 in different growth periods, respectively. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated CHS gene (arahy.CM90T6), F3 ′ H genes (arahy. 8F7PE4 and arahy. K8H9R8), and DFR genes (arahy. LDV9QN and arahy. X8EVF3) may be the key functional genes controlling the formation of pink and red testa in peanut. Transcription factors MYB (arahy.A2IWKV, arahy.US2SKM, arahy.SJGE27, arahy.H8DJRL, and arahy.PR7AYB), bHLH (arahy.26781N, arahy.HM1IVV, and arahy.MP3D3D), and WD40 (arahy.L6JJW9) in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin were significantly upregulated in Zhonghua 12 which may be the key regulatory genes in testa pigment formation. This is a comprehensive analysis on flavonoid metabolites and related genes expression in peanut testa, providing reference for revealing the regulatory mechanism of pigment accumulation in peanut testa.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis reveals distinct flavonoid biosynthesis regulation for variegated testa color development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut is one of the important oil and economic crops, among which the variegated testa peanut is a unique member. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pigment synthesis in variegated testa are still unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flavonoid metabolism pathway in pigmented areas indicated that there were 27 DEGs highly related to the synthesis of variegated testa color among 1,050 DEGs. Of these 27, 13 were up-regulated and 14 were down-regulated, including 3 PALs, 1 C4H, 2 CHSs, 1 F3H, 1 F3'H, 2 DFRs, 2 LARs, 2 IAAs, 4 bHLHs, and 9 MYBs. GO (Gene Ontology) analysis indicated that DEGs were similarly enriched in three branches. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis suggested flavonoid biosynthesis is the most direct metabolic pathway for the synthesis of testa variegation. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) results showed that cyanidin and delphinidin were the primary metabolites that caused the color differences between the pigmented and the non-pigmented areas. Through the verification of 20 DEGs via qPCR, the results were consistent with transcriptome sequencing in four comparison groups. The results in this study lay the foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis in variegated testa peanut.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Joint Analysis Reveals Distinct Flavonoid Biosynthesis Regulation for Variegated Testa Color Development in Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important oil and economic crops, among which the variegated testa peanut is a unique member. But the molecular mechanisms underlying the pigment synthesis in variegated testa are still unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pigment metabolism pathway in colored area indicated there were 27 DEGs highly related to the synthesis of variegated testa color among 1,050 DEGs,which were 13 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated,consisting of 3 PALs, 1 C4H, 2 CHSs, 1 F3H, 1 F3'H, 2 DFRs, 2 LARs, 2 IAAs, 4 bHLHs and 9 MYBs. GO analysis indicated DEGs were similarly enriched in 3 branches.KEGG analysis suggested flavonoid biosynthesis is the most direct metabolic pathway for the synthesis of testa variegation. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results showed that cyanidin and delphinidin were the main metabolites that caused the color difference between the colored area and the non-colored area. Through the verification of 20 DEGs via qPCR, the results were consistent with that of transcriptome sequencing in 4 comparison groups. The results in this study lay the foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in variegated testa peanut.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis reveals distinct flavonoid biosynthesis regulation for variegated testa color development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important oil and economic crops, among which the variegated testa peanut is a unique member. But the molecular mechanisms underlying the pigment synthesis in variegated testa are still unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pigment metabolism pathway in colored area indicated there were 27 DEGs highly related to the synthesis of variegated testa color among 1,050 DEGs,which were 13 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated,consisting of 3 PALs, 1 C4H, 2 CHSs, 1 F3H, 1 F3'H, 2 DFRs, 2 LARs, 2 IAAs, 4 bHLHs and 9 MYBs. GO analysis indicated DEGs were similarly enriched in 3 branches.KEGG analysis suggested flavonoid biosynthesis is the most direct metabolic pathway for the synthesis of testa variegation.The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results showed that cyanidin and delphinidin were the main metabolites that caused the color difference between the colored area and the non-colored area. Through the verification of 20 DEGs via qPCR, the results were consistent with that of transcriptome sequencing in 4 comparison groups. The results in this study lay the foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in variegated testa peanut.

Pinto Libertad, nueva variedad de frijol para el estado de Durango

El frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de grano pinto y tamaño grande (35-45 g/100 semillas) es apreciado por productores, comerciantes y empacadores de México. En Durango, los productores demandan variedades precoces, tolerantes al oscurecimiento de la testa y con tamaño de semilla mayor, diferente a la de Pinto Saltillo, considerado en la actualidad como un referente de calidad. El objetivo fue desarrollar una variedad superior a Pinto Saltillo en precocidad, tamaño de grano y calidad comercial. La variedad Pinto Libertad (PT08035) fue generada en el INIFAP-Durango, con el método genealógico, aplicado a la cruza Pinto Mestizo/Pinto Saltillo-69-2-1. El rendimiento promedio de Pinto Libertad fue 983 kg ha-1 y varió desde 89 kg ha-1 hasta 2 006 kg ha-1. Pinto Libertad, comparado con Pinto Saltillo, resultó precoz a madurez (91 vs 95 días) y registró mayor peso de 100 semillas (38 g vs 31 g). El hábito crecimiento de Pinto Libertad es de enredadera indeterminada, con guías cortas no trepadoras, el promedio de altura del dosel es 32 cm y la guía crece 79 cm. El grano de Pinto Libertad es de tamaño mediano a grande y su peso f luctúa entre 33 y 49 g/100 semillas, tiene forma elíptica en sus secciones transversal y longitudinal, testa color crema, pintas café e hilio amarillo. En campo, Pinto Libertad mostró tolerancia a antracnosis y roya; así como susceptibilidad media a tizón común y pudriciones de raíz. Pinto Libertad se incluyó en programas de validación para evaluar sus posibilidades de adopción, adaptabilidad y potencial para incrementar la calidad del frijol producido en el Altiplano de México.

Tamesí, nueva variedad de soya para el trópico húmedo de México

Tamesí es una variedad de soya [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] se originó a partir del cruzamiento entre Santa Rosa X H80- 2535, realizado en el INIFAP-C.E. Las Huastecas, el primer progenitor es una variedad introducida de Brasil, y el segundo es una línea generada en el programa de mejoramiento genético de soya tropical del INIFAP. Esta variedad es adaptada a las condiciones de temporal del ciclo primavera-verano en el trópico húmedo de México; tiene un rendimiento promedio de 2.602 kg ha-1, el cual es 17% más alto que el de la variedad Huasteca 200 (testigo), y es de ciclo más corto que esta variedad; la planta es de porte medio y resistente al acame. La semilla tiene 19.25% de aceite y 35.3% de proteína, y el peso de 100 semillas es 16.1 g. Tamesí, es de hábito de crecimiento determinado, tiene flores color blanco, pubescencia café y semillas con testa color amarillo e hilio color marrón.