Mobile Augmented Reality Application In Medical Education In The 2010s

In the recent years, medical education is facing various difficulties. Students are struggling to visualize the internal organs and bones, it is insufficient cadaver for dissection demonstration, there are lack of equipment for training, and not enough opportunity for hands-on training. Technologies have been utilized to supplement teaching in medical education to overcome the mentioned difficulties. Augmented Reality in particular mobile Augmented Reality has shown a rise in the application of medical education in this decade. This paper aims to do a narrative review to study the overall progress and development of mobile Augmented Reality application in medical education from year 2010 to 2020. From the review done, we found that the application of mobile Augmented Reality in medical education is feasible, it is well accepted by medical students. We also identified current research gaps and potential future development of mobile Augmented Reality in medical education. It was found that there is lack of research done to study long term effect on the users. Interaction between virtual object and real-world object was lacking in some applications. More refinement and update are needed on flow, media and design of Augmented Reality application. There is also essential to study the influence of marker size or surface material.

Marker-Based Method for Recognition of Camera Position for Mobile Robots

Position recognition is one of the core technologies for driving a robot because of differences in environment and rapidly changing situations. This study proposes a strategy for estimating the position of a camera mounted on a mobile robot. The proposed strategy comprises three methods. The first is to directly acquire information (e.g., identification (ID), marker size and marker type) to recognize the position of the camera relative to the marker. The advantage of this marker system is that a combination of markers of different sizes or having different information may be used without having to update the internal parameters of the robot system even if the user frequently changes or adds to the marker’s identification information. In the second, two novel markers are proposed to consider the real environment in which real robots are applied: a nested marker and a hierarchical marker. These markers are proposed to improve the ability of the camera to recognize markers while the camera is moving on the mobile robot. The nested marker is effective for robots like drones, which land and take off vertically with respect to the ground. The hierarchical marker is suitable for robots that move horizontally with respect to the ground such as wheeled mobile robots. The third method is the calculation of the position of an added or moved marker based on a reference marker. This method automatically updates the positions of markers after considering the change in the driving area of the mobile robot. Finally, the proposed methods were validated through experiments.

UTILIZATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY IN 3D VISUALIZATION OF HIGH SCHOOL OF ADISUTJIPTO TECHNOLOGY BASED ON ANDROID

Adisutjipto College of Technology in introducing campus information that is still using print and internet media, therefore, an application is needed that can introduce and provide information on buildings on campus by utilizing Augmented Reality technology. With the technology of Augmented Reality able to provide real information and can interact directly with buildings on campus. This application was created using the Unity and Vuforia application. Making 3D models using the Google SketchUp application which is then exported to the Unity application. Testing is done to detect markers of light intensity, distance, marker size, and color. From the results of testing markers for light intensity of at least 4 lx and effective detection distance between 20 cm to 40 cm and marker size of at least 350 x 350 Pixels, while the color has no effect due to edge detection which is the basic technique of reading by Vuforia markers. This application has been successfully made in Augmented Reality in the form of STTA 3D visualization as a supporting medium for the introduction of the Adisutjipto College of Technology Yogyakarta environment. This application can only be run on Android-based smartphones with a minimum version of 5.0.

Sex aggregation and species segregation cues in swarming mosquitoes: role of ground visual markers

Background Mating swarm segregation in closely related insect species may contribute to reproductive isolation. Visual markers are used for swarm formation; however, it is unknown whether they play a key role in swarm location, species segregation and sex aggregation. Methods Using two sympatric closely related species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (s.s.), we investigated in both laboratory and semi-field conditions (i) whether males of the two species use visual markers (black cloths) to locate their swarm; and (ii) whether the presence/absence and size of the marker may differentially affect swarm characteristics. We also investigated whether conspecific virgin females use these markers to join male swarm sites. Results We showed that males of the two species used visual markers but in different ways: An. coluzzii swarm right above the marker whereas An. gambiae (s.s.) locate their swarm at a constant distance of 76.4 ± 0.6 cm from a 20 × 20 cm marker in the laboratory setup and at 206 ± 6 cm from a 60 × 60 cm marker in the semi-field setup. Although increased marker size recruited more mosquitoes and consequently increased the swarm size in the two species, An. coluzzii swarms flew higher and were stretched both vertically and horizontally, while An. gambiae (s.s.) swarms were only stretched horizontally. Virgin females displayed a swarm-like behavior with similar characteristics to their conspecific males. Conclusions Our results provided experimental evidence that both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (s.s.) males use ground visual markers to form and locate their swarm at species-specific locations. Moreover, the marker size differentially affected swarm characteristics in the two species. Our results also showed that virgin females displayed a swarm-like behavior. However, these “swarms” could be due to the absence of males in our experimental conditions. Nevertheless, the fact that females displayed these “swarms” with the same characteristics as their respective males provided evidence that visual markers are used by the two sexes to join mating spots. Altogether, this suggests that visual markers and the way species and sexes use them could be key cues in species segregation, swarm location and recognition.