“Tayní”: variedad de frijol común Mesoamericano de grano rojo brillante

Introducción. El frijol de grano rojo es el segundo más consumido en Costa Rica. El mercado penaliza el precio del grano rojo oscuro y exige variedades de tono claro y brillante, aunque, las personas productoras requieren cultivares resistentes a patógenos y de alto potencial de rendimiento. Objetivo. Describir el proceso de desarrollo y las principales características agronómicas de la variedad Tayní. Materiales y métodos. Esta variedad se derivó del cruzamiento triple Tío Canela 75 // SRC1-1-18 / SRC 1-12-1 realizado en 1999 en la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (Honduras). Fue evaluada en Costa Rica entre el 2002 y el 2008, por el Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria y la Universidad de Costa Rica. El comportamiento y características agronómicas de Tayní se determinaron con base en la información obtenida de la evaluación de 4 viveros de adaptación, 28 ensayos de rendimiento y 32 parcelas de validación, llevados a cabo bajo manejo del productor en 12 localidades de Costa Rica. La variedad se liberó el 23 de febrero del 2012 en Pueblo Nuevo, Upala, Alajuela. Resultados. Tayní es una variedad de grano rojo claro brillante, que obtuvo un rendimiento de 1450 kg.ha-1 bajo manejo de la empresa productora y de 2063 kg.ha-1 en condiciones experimentales. Posee un hábito de crecimiento tipo II, resistencia intermedia a Pseudocercospora griseola (mancha angular) y a Thanatheporus cucumeris (mustia hilachosa), y resistencia a los virus del mosaico común (gen I) y del mosaico dorado amarillo (gen bgm-I y QTL mayor SW12). La tonalidad del rojo de su grano (grado 5) es de mayor valor comercial que la de Cabécar (grado 6). Bajo condiciones lluviosas, el grano de Tayní se decolora menos que el de Cabécar (1,1 y 2,8%, respectivamente). Conclusiones. La tonalidad del color rojo del grano y menor porcentaje de decoloración, le dan a Tayní ventaja comercial con respecto a Cabécar, la variedad de grano rojo más sembrada en Costa Rica

Efficiency of a recurrent selection method to achieve resistance of common beans to Pseudocercospora griseola in a short period

ABSTRACT The angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola, is one of the most notable diseases of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The most effective strategy to control ALS is quantitative disease resistance provided by major and minor genes. One breeding strategy for obtaining lines with durable resistance to P. griseola is a recurrent selection that aims to gradually assemble favorable alleles. In this study, common beans were artificially inoculated with P. griseola and grown in a greenhouse under a recurrent selection program that aims to accelerate the breeding cycle and assimilate resistant conferring genes per generation. From the initial population, three cycles of evaluation, selection, and intercross were carried out in a greenhouse and the most resistant plants were phenotypically selected. Plants at the V2 stage were inoculated with an isolate of P. griseola, race 63-63. Selected plants were transplanted into pots and intercrossed to reap the next cycle of selection. Progenies obtained from the base population (C0) and subsequent cycles (CI, CII, and CIII) were assessed for the degree of the symptoms for ALS under greenhouse and field conditions. The rate of genetic progress per breeding cycle was - 14.8% and - 5.3% for the plants grown in greenhouse and field, respectively. Artificial inoculation with P. griseola allowed three recurrent selection cycles per year, signifying a promising method to obtain ALS-resistant common bean lines in a short period.

Genetics of angular leaf spot (ALS) resistance in South African market class dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars

Angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) is one of the serious fungal diseases affecting dry bean in Africa, including South Africa. Host plant resistance is the best management strategy, of which its effectiveness requires knowledge of the genetics underlying the resistance in guiding breeding efforts. In this study, the inheritance of ALS resistance was studied through the generation mean analysis biometrical procedure. Six generations consisting of the two parents Ukulinga and Gadra, and its cross derived filial progenies (F1), second-generation (F2), and backcrosses of F1 to Ukulinga (BCP1) and Gadra (BCP2) were planted in a net-house and later inoculated using a mixture of P. griseola isolates. Leaf lesions (% disease severity) were rated using a CIAT 1-9 scale and analysed using SAS macros in Proc GLM of SAS version 9.3. Results of ANOVA for a full model displayed significant additive effects (P<0.05) and highly significant (P<0.001) additive x dominance effects. Segregation analysis indicated 9:7 ratio, implying the involvement of complementary gene effects. The number of genes was estimated to be 1.79; however, due to epistasis two or more genes possibly govern the resistance in this cross. Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 0.40 and 0.33, respectively. Therefore, the estimated narrow-sense heritability, additive gene effects, and epistatic interaction imply that it is prudent to delay selections until later stages, in which homozygosity could be achieved and additive effects fixed.

Efecto del extracto de alga Ulva fasciata sobre Pseudocercospora griseola en el cultivo de frijol

La mancha angular es una de las enfermedades foliares más comunes del cultivo de frijol en el sur de Brasil. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del extracto de la macroalga Ulva fasciata en la severidad de la mancha angular, los niveles de pigmentos foliares y la productividad de los genotipos de frijol común IPR Uirapuru, CF 22 y Mouro graúdo, durante los años 2005 y 2006. Las plantas tratadas con el extracto de alga o el fungicida azoxistrobina se pulverizaron en los estados fenológicos V3, V5, R6 e R7. Plantas no tratadas se utilizaron como testigos. La severidad (%) de la enfermedad se estimó a partir del estado V3, para un total de seis evaluaciones cada año. Los valores de la severidad se calcularon como área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). En el 2006 se determinaron los pigmentos foliares (clorofila a, b, total y carotenoides) y en los dos años se evaluó el rendimiento de granos, aunque en el 2005 solamente se evaluó el peso de mil granos. En conclusión, el control que ejerce el extracto de U. fasciata sobre la mancha angular depende de la interacción biológica entre el genotipo de frijol y el ambiente. Por otro lado, el extracto no afectó el contenido de los pigmentos foliares ni la producción de granos.

Identification of resistance sources of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important edible legume in the world and is an important source of income for farmers and food for millions of families. Angular Leaf Spot (ALS), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris, is one of the most important diseases in the production of common bean with the potential to cause significant seed yield losses. An effective and environmentally friendly alternative to control this disease is the use of improved varieties that combine resistance genes of Andean and Mesoamerican origin. In this study, the response of 181 bean genotypes (coming from different breeding programs of several countries including the USA, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Ecuador, Colombia, Tanzania, Malawi, and Angola) to two angular spot isolates (races 61:11 and 63:51, prevalent in Isabela and Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico) were evaluated. Many of these genotypes contained resistant genes to different biotic and to abiotic stress. A total of 16 lines were identified to have resistance to both races. The resistant lines include the Andean breeding lines CAL 143, 277 and the Mesoamerican cultivar ‘Ouro Negro’ that possess the resistance genes Phg-5, Phg-1, Phg-3, respectively. This information can help common bean breeding programs to pyramid genes from the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools to generate varieties with long-lasting resistance to this disease.

Screening Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm for Resistance against Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) Disease under Field Condition

Angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola is one of the most destructive disease in Latin America and eastern Africa countries. The fungus, P. griseola is highly variable and a diverse sources of resistance genes is required to manage this economically important disease. The use of genetic resistance is the most practical and economic way to manage angular leaf spot of the common bean. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgarise L.) germplasm were screened for resistance against Angular leaf spot (ALS) under field conditions at Wonodogenet and Areka Research farms. Out of 300 common bean accessions evaluated only 14 (4.6%) common bean accessions were resistant to naturally epidemics of angular leaf spot disease under field condition. Therefore, all common bean germplasm that showed resistance reaction can be involved in breeding program for the improvement of the common bean.