Oxidative stress and cellular senescence: the key tumor-promoting factors in colon cancer and beneficial effects of polyphenols in colon cancer prevention

Background: Colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Colon tumorigenesis is a sequential process called “Adenoma-carcinoma sequence”. The alimentary habits, obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, inflammatory bowel diseases, family history of colon cancer, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence are the major risk factor influencing colon cancer development. Senescence contributes to the aging process as well as in the development and progression of colon cancer. However, the precise mechanism underlying the aging-related progress of colon cancer is yet to be answered. Recent studies proposed that the senescent cell secretes Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) includes pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukins, growth factors, and proteases actively involved in the creation of pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Objective: This review aims to provide an overview of ROS influence cellular senescence and colon cancer development and summarize the antioxidant and antiaging activity of natural flavonoids. Many of the studies had reported that pro-aging genes were suppressed cancer, and various ‘markers’ are used to identify senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. The SASP of the cells may act as a link between senescence and cancer. Conclusion: This review facilitates a better understanding and might contribute to diagnostic and prognostic systems and find out the novel and targeted therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we focused on the potential role of natural flavonoids in colon cancer therapies, highlighting the flavonoid-based treatments as innovative immunomodulatory strategies to inhibit the growth of colon cancer.

Potency of Bioactive Compound of Rice Bran for Colon Cancer Prevention

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Bioactive compounds in rice bran have a very active role as antiproliferation of colon cancer cells such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, tricin, luteolin, apigenin, myrecitin, rutin, isorhamnetin, γ-oryzanol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, β-sitosterol, phytic acid, and hemicellulose. Mechanism of the bioactive compounds in cells varied, including modulation of a cell cycle, activation of immune cells, damage of a lipid layer and mitochondrial membrane, activation of caspase proteins, inhibition of protein cell tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and also acts as an antioxidant. Therefore, the existence of the scientific studies results of this review with the potential availability of adequate rice bran in Indonesia is very potential to be developed.

Identification of the active substances and mechanisms of ginger for the treatment of colon cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background and objective: Colon cancer is increasing in people recently and ginger (Zingiber officinale), as a commonly used herbal medicine, has been suggested as a potential agent against colon cancer. This study was aimed to identify the bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of ginger for colon cancer prevention by an integrated network pharmacology approach.Methods: Putative ingredients of ginger and its related targets were discerned from the TCMSP database. After that, the targets interacting with colon cancer were collected using Genecards, OMIM, and Drugbank databases. KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis were performed to explore the signaling pathways related to ginger for colon cancer treatments. The PPI and compound-target-disease networks were constructed using Cytoscape.Results: Six potential active compounds, 285 interacting targets in addition to 1356 disease-related targets were collected, of which 118 intersection targets were obtained. A total of 34 key targets including PIK3CA, SRC, and TP53 were identified. These targets were mainly focused on the biological processes of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling, cellular response to oxidative stress, and cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus. The KEGG enrichment manifested that three signaling pathways were closely related to colon cancer prevention of ginger, including cancer, endocrine resistance, and hepatitis B pathways. TP53, HSP90AA1, MAPK8, JAK2, CASP3, and ERBB2 were viewed as the most important genes, which were validated by molecular docking simulation.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ginger produced preventive effects against colon cancer by regulating multi-target and multi-pathway with multi-components. And, the combined data provide novel insight for ginger compounds developed as new drug for anti-colon cancer.

Visceral Fat Quantitated From CT Colonography Is Associated With the Presence of Colorectal Polyps

Background: An adenomatous polyp is known as a precancerous lesion of colorectal cancer. Detection and removal of adenomatous polyps are essential for colon cancer prevention. Previous studies have found the association between obesity and adenomatous polyp using many parameters. Objective: To determine the association between visceral fat visualized on computed tomography (CT) colonography (CTC) and colorectal polyps. Methods: This retrospective case-control study consisted of 280 adult subjects who underwent colon cancer screening by CTC at Ramathibodi Hospital; 129 cases with CT detected colorectal polyps who underwent polypectomy within 6 months, and 151 control subjects who were negative for significant polyps on CTC. Visceral fat areas of all subjects were measured on CT at the umbilical level by a semiautomatic method. Statistical analysis was performed to ascertain associations with the presence of colorectal polyps. Results: Of 280 adult subjects, there were classified into 4 groups; no polyps (n = 151), hyperplastic polyp (n = 23), low-risk adenomatous polyp (n = 75), and high-risk adenomatous polyp (n = 31). The mean visceral fat areas in 4 groups were 125.1 ± 55.7 cm2, 140.2 ± 63.8 cm2, 147.9 ± 74.2 cm2, and 156.6 ± 63.7 cm2, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in these means visceral fat between the no polyp group and both the low-risk and high-risk adenomatous polyp groups. In multivariate analyses, subjects who had visceral fat areas more than 168.60 cm2 were more likely to have polyps than subjects whose visceral fat areas were less than 93.65 cm2 (P < .05). Conclusions: Visceral fat was positively associated with the presence of adenomatous colorectal polyps.

A qualitative study of patient preferences for prompts and reminders for a direct-mail fecal testing program

Programs that directly mail fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) to patients can increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, especially in low-income and Latino populations. Few studies have explored patient reactions to prompts or reminders that accompany such programs. As part of the Participatory Research to Advance Colon Cancer Prevention pilot study, which tested prompts and reminders to a direct-mail FIT program in a large, urban health center, we conducted telephone interviews among English- and Spanish-speaking participants who were assigned to receive a series of text message prompts, automated phone call reminders, and/or live phone call reminders. We analyzed interviews using a qualitative content analysis approach. We interviewed 41 participants, including 25 responders (61%) and 16 nonresponders (39%) to the direct-mail program. Participants appreciated program ease and convenience. Few participants recalled receiving prompts or automated/live reminders; nevertheless, the vast majority (95%, n = 39) thought reminders were acceptable and helpful and suggested that 2–3 reminders delivered starting 1 week after the mailed FIT would optimally encourage completion. Prompts and reminders used with mailed-FIT programs are accepted by patients, and my help boost response rates.