Corrigendum to: Discussion on the paper “Combined Effects of Thermal Radiation and Magnetohydrodynamic on Peristaltic Flow of Nanofluids: Applications to Radiotherapy and Thermotherapy of Cancer” by Wahed Hasona et al.

A typographical error appeared in equation in the manuscript entitled “Discussion on the paper Combined Effects of Thermal Radiation and Magnetohydrodynamic on Peristaltic Flow of Nanofluids: Applications to Radiotherapy and Thermotherapy of Cancer” by Mostafa A. Elogail in “Current Cancer Therapy Reviews”, 2021; 17(2), 93-6. We regret the error and apologize to the readers. The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/189490/article

Electron microscopic and pathological changes of lung cancer after intratumoral injection of sodium bicarbonate

Background: Lung cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and palliative care. Palliative therapy is applied for inoperable lung cancer as it induces tumour necrosis. PH of tumour tissue is acidic; application of sodium bicarbonate (SB) into lung cancer locally via bronchoscopy can change its core pH, which may lead to tumour destruction. We aimed to study the ultrastructural characteristics of lung cancer and to assess the destructive effects of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% local injection on tumour tissue integrity by light and electron microscopies. Methods: This study was conducted on 21 patients with central bronchial carcinoma diagnosed according to WHO classification 2015. Three bronchoscopic biopsies were taken; two biopsies before and one after injection of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% solution of 20 ml via transbronchial needle. All biopsies were examined by both light and electron microscopes. The first biopsy was examined to diagnose the tumour morphologically with and without immunostaining. Second and third biopsies were taken before and after SB 8.4% injection to compare pathological changes in tumour tissue integrity as well as cellular ultra-structures. Different lung cancer pathological types were included in the study. Results: Tumour tissue integrity and pathological changes were examined in biopsies before and after injection of sodium bicarbonate 8.4%. Extensive necrosis in all cell types of lung cancer was seen after injection of SB; this important finding was delineated by both light and electron microscopies. Conclusion: Preliminary ultrastructural study of small biopsy of lung tumor has a complementary role to both morphological and immunohistochemical studies. Local injection of sodium bicarbonate into lung cancer induces extensive necrosis that may reflect its important therapeutic role in lung cancer.

Central Nervous System Disorders Associated To Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

: New therapies and alternatives for the containment of tumor progression are being proposed for the treatment of cancer. In this context, monoclonal therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) come as a therapeutic proposal. They are responsible for immunological control by blocking PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 molecules. However, among the effects caused by therapy, the use of medications is associated with neurological diseases reported as an adverse effect, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and causing a wide range of symptoms. In this regard, the present bibliographic review presents the main CNS disorders associated with this therapy, in addition to the incidence, symptoms and treatment of these diseases.

Triazole As Potent Anti-Cancer Agent- A Pharmacophoric Scaffold

: Triazole is the main five-membered Nitrogen-containing basic heterocyclic ring system reported for their biological activities and compounds with multiple pharmacophores, which fetch together acquaintance of a target with sympathetic types of the molecule that might interact with the target. In addition, healthy, adaptable, and scalable chemistry must be employed to achieve the task. This characteristic feature of triazole would make a good template for a lead cohort library. The current review article focuses on recent advancements in triazole moiety as an anti-cancer agent with their mechanism pathways of synthesized analogues.

Combining Evolution and Cancer therapy: A review of the Mathematical Approach

: Conventional cancer therapy kills tumors by applying the maximum tolerable dose of therapy. However, it leads to the development of tumoral heterogeneity and resistance, hence leading to therapy failure and progression. It is necessary to design therapies keeping in mind the evolutionary dynamics of tumors to minimize resistance and delay progression. Mathematical models are of great importance in oncology as they assist in the recreation of the tumor microenvironment, predict the outcomes of treatment strategies and elucidate fundamentals of tumor growth and resistance development. The body of literature covering models which incorporate evolutionary dynamics is vast. This paper provides an overview of existing models of “evolutionary therapy”, including ordinary differential equations, fitness, and probability functions.

Expression of mTOR/70S6K signaling pathway in melanoma cancer cell and the effects of dacarbazine and metformin

Background: Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of skin cancer that develops from the pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines or, eye. The study aimed to examine the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/70S6K signaling pathway in melanoma cancer. Methods: The B16F10 cell line treated with dacarbazine IC50 and different concentrations of metformin (0.5, 2, and 8 mM) for 24 hr and mTOR and 70S6k proteins expression was examined by western blotting. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results: Western blot analysis showed that after different concentra¬tions of metformin and dacarbazine treatments, the mTOR and 70S6K protein expression significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Conclusion: Metformin-induced repression of mTOR/70S6k axis activity disrupts B16F10 growth. Thus, we believe that combination therapy may be a suitable potential therapeutic target for melanoma cancer.

Health benefits of avicularin in the medicine against cancerous disorders and other complications: Biological importance, therapeutic benefit and analytical aspects of the medicine

Background: Herbal drugs and their derived phytochemicals have been used in medicine for the preparation of different types of pharmaceutical products. Pure phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids have been used in medicine for the treatment of different types of human disorders including cancerous disorders. Flavonoids have been well known in medicine for their anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging and cardioprotective potential. Avicularin, also called quercetin-3-α-l-arabino furanoside, is a pure flavonoid, a class of phytochemicals, found to be present in Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza cuneata. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-cancer properties. Methods: In the present work, scientific data of avicularin have been collected from different databases such as Google, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus and summarized with reference to medicinal importance, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of avicularin. The present review summarized the health beneficial properties of avicularin in medicine through data analysis of various scientific research works. Further analytical progress in medicine for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of avicularin in medicine has been also discussed in the present work. Results: Scientific data analysis of different literature work revealed the biological importance of flavonoid class of phytochemical ‘avicularin’ in medicine. Scientific data analysis revealed that avicularin was found to be present in the Lindera erythrocarpa, Lespedeza cuneata, Rhododendron schlipenbachii and Psidium guajava. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activities. Avicularin protects cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and induces cytotoxicity in cancer lines and tumor tissues. Avicularin has positive influence on human hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation. The role of avicularin in rheumatoid arthritis has been also established with its underlying molecular mechanisms in the scientific work. Recent interest in avicularin has focused on pharmacological investigations for its anti-cancer activity in the medicine. Conclusion: The present work signified the biological importance of avicularin in medicine through its medicinal uses, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in the biological system.

Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter as a Facilitator in the Juvenile Cancer Therapeutic Process

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of insertion and maintenance of 163 peripherally inserted central venous catheters in juvenile patients oncological. Methods: This is an observational study of a cross-sectional and longitudinal collection, with quantitative approach of secondary data from patient’s medical records that underwent the procedure for a peripheral insertion central catheter implantation, carried out in a non-profit health institution (HI) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, specialized in the treatment of childhood-juvenile cancer, and which attends children and adolescents from all regions of Brazil. Results: the measurement of the external catheter, when greater than 2 centimeters, negatively influences the period of the segment used (p = 0.007) and is associated with catheter removal for unforeseen causes (p = 0.013); displacement was the main cause of unexpected removal of peripherally inserted central venous catheter. Conclusion: Peripherally inserted central venous catheter is a safe option when the entire therapeutic trajectory is reached.