Race-Relations Theories and the Racial Dynamics of Basketball Performance

Does the local, racial context influence racial differences in culture? I answer this question by testing predictions from group threat theory and the cultural division of labor about which high schools have greater black-white differences in basketball performance. Data are from the National Education Longitudinal Study are analyzed with multilevel ordered probit models. After controlling for predictors of sports performance in students’ families, schools, and neighborhoods, we find evidence for both theories. Black-white differences in basketball performance is greater in schools that are about 50% black, as group threat predicts, and in schools with more hierarchical segregation within them, as the cultural division of labor predicts. We also find that racial conflict within the schools mediates the effect of group threat. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Impacts of COVID-19 on patterns of meat and seafood consumption: evidence from Australia

PurposeIn 2020, mechanisms to limit the chain of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Australia led to widespread restrictions on population mobility and business operations. Such conditions provide a natural experiment that may help to provide insights into consumer behaviour and future trends in food consumption. The overall objective of this study is to explore the possible impacts of COVID-19 on meat consumption patterns in Australia, both in the short and medium term, and to explore whether there have been impacts on the underlying drivers for consumption.Design/methodology/approachThe research reported in this paper analyses the impacts of COVID-19 on meat and seafood consumption in Australia, drawing on a national random survey of 1,200 participants in June 2020. Survey data on past and current consumption rates are compared to respondent estimates of their future consumption behaviour, and ordered probit models are used to identify whether consumption changes can be explained by socio-demographic, attitudinal or economic factors.FindingsTwo potential scenarios were evaluated to explore future consumption trends. The first “acceleration” scenario is that the restrictions would encourage people to speed up existing declines in meat consumption, perhaps taking more account of credence factors such as health, animal welfare and environmental issues. The second “transformation” scenario is that people will change consumption patterns, perhaps moving more towards home-cooked meals and increased consumption. Slightly stronger support was found for the transformation scenario, indicating that consumption rates for most meats and seafood will be stable or increase over the next five years.Originality/valueThis study capitalises on changed social and economic settings generated by COVID-19 to test the effects on consumption of meat (chicken, beef, pork, lamb) and seafood at a national level. Ordered probit models are applied to evaluate participant data on their future intentions for meat consumption to test two scenarios, finding stronger support for the “transformative” scenario than the “accelerate” scenario.

Farmers as Consumers of Quality Fertilizers: Willingness to Pay and Empirical Evidences from Bangladesh

The study investigated farmer’s willingness to pay for getting quality fertilizers by employing probit and ordered probit models as the quality of fertilizers were often adulterated in Bangladesh. Primary data collected from 300 farm households were utilized. Results indicated that an average farmer’s willingness to pay was influenced significantly by the farm size group, annual income, off-farm income, product prices and financial constraints. All farmers except marginal farmers were more likely to be willing to pay more than market prices for urea and MoP. The findings suggested for adjusting the farm size group specific subsidy policies. More off-farm employment opportunities could be created in the farming regions to strengthen farmer’s financial capability.

Multivariate analysis of the adoption of cacao productive technologies: Evidence from a case study in Colombia

<p>Multivariate and ordered Probit models were used to study the determinants of the adoption and extent of adoption of agronomic practices among cacao farmers in Nariño, Colombia, with data from 353 farmers in the mountain region. Results suggest that farmers’ adoption decisions are made on a joint basis, further validating the use of a multivariate approach. The presence of illegal crops creates strong disincentives that affect the possibility of more significant technological improvements. Adequate access to agricultural technical assistance strongly increases rates of adoption. Evidence suggests that efforts are necessary to better target resource-poor farmers.</p>

Gender differences in job satisfaction among disabled workers

This paper explores the association between job satisfaction and gender for workers with disabilities, using data from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled, which interviews officially registered persons with disabilities in Korea. To take full advantage of the longitudinal data, we apply random-effects ordered probit models to investigate the underlying factors that affect gender differentials in job satisfaction. Our findings reveal that merely different work values between women and men do not account for the significantly higher job satisfaction among women. We suggest that workers’ expectations play a role in explaining why female workers are happier in the workplace than their male counterparts; that is, holding other factors constant, women’s expectations from jobs are lower than men’s. This hypothesis is partially supported by the empirical analyses that gender differentials diminish among the highly educated workers, for whom there is less likely to be a gender gap in terms of job expectations.

Attitudes and responses to corruption in tax systems: peer effects and social influences in transition countries

PurposeAnalyze how peer effects and social influences affect attitudes and responses to corruption in tax systems, identifying factors that improve tax morale.Design/methodology/approachLife in Transition Survey (LITS III, 2016) data are analyzed using ordered probit models of corrupt tax officials, Heckman-style selection models of the extent of corruption, probit models of reasons given for not reporting corruption and ordered probit models of the frequency of informal payments to tax officials.FindingsPeer effects and social influences significantly affect perceptions of and responses to corruption. Tax morale is supported in communities where people trust one another, where there is greater respect for the law and where people can achieve greater life satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsResults are specific to transition countries represented in the data.Practical implicationsFindings can help improve tax morale and stabilize fiscal systems in transition countries.Social implicationsEnhanced tax morale can be facilitated by building inclusive, respectful and transparent institutions.Originality/valueThis study uses the latest LITS III data with a focus on peer effects and social influences, with improved empirical strategies.

Estimation of nested and zero-inflated ordered probit models

We introduce three new commands—nop, ziop2, and ziop3—for the estimation of a three-part nested ordered probit model, the two-part zero-inflated ordered probit models of Harris and Zhao (2007, Journal of Econometrics 141: 1073–1099) and Brooks, Harris, and Spencer (2012, Economics Letters 117: 683–686), and a three-part zero-inflated ordered probit model of Sirchenko (2020, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 24: 1) for ordinal outcomes, with both exogenous and endogenous switching. The three-part models allow the probabilities of positive, neutral (zero), and negative outcomes to be generated by distinct processes. The zero-inflated models address a preponderance of zeros and allow them to emerge in different latent regimes. We provide postestimation commands to compute probabilistic predictions and various measures of their accuracy, to assess the goodness of fit, and to perform model comparison using the Vuong test (Vuong, 1989, Econometrica 57: 307–333) with the corrections based on the Akaike and Schwarz information criteria. We investigate the finite-sample performance of the maximum likelihood estimators by Monte Carlo simulations, discuss the relations among the models, and illustrate the new commands with an empirical application to the U.S. federal funds rate target.

Effects of Fertility Behaviors on Depression Among the Elderly: Empirical Evidence From China

Background: Increased population aging is associated with increased incidence of depression among the elderly. Existing studies have shown that ill-advised fertility behaviors during their youth also affect the health of the elderly. However, insufficient attention has been paid to depression among elderly in China. This paper focuses on how fertility behaviors affect senile depression among parents by examining the heterogeneity of such effects and tests the applicability of existing theoretical findings in a Chinese sample.Methods: The effects of fertility behaviors on depression among the elderly were investigated using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative dataset. The effects of early-age fertility behaviors on the degree of depression among the elderly were investigated using ordinary least squares and ordered probit models that adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors.Results: (1) The age of first childbirth, childbearing period, and number of births were significantly and positively correlated with the degree of depression among the elderly (particularly rural persons aged 50–70 and older womens). (2) Elderly persons with sons had no better mental health status than those without sons, thus indicating the inapplicability of the traditional concept of “more sons are equal to more happiness” to the actual mental health situation of the elderly in China today.Conclusion: Overall, multiple, late, and boy-oriented childbearing and overly long childbearing periods had negative effects on mental health among Chinese elderly persons. This study tested the applicability of existing theoretical inferences and empirical conclusions in China, thereby further expanding the current literature regarding the effects of fertility behaviors on depression among the elderly.

Choice of speed under compromised Dynamic Message Signs

This study explores speed choice behavior of travelers under realistic and fabricated Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) content. Using web-based survey information of 4,302 participants collected by Amazon Mechanical Turk in the United States, we develop a set of multivariate latent-based ordered probit models participants. Results show female, African-Americans, drivers with a disability, elderly, and drivers who trust DMS are likely to comply with the fabricated messages. Drivers who comply with traffic regulations, have a good driving record, and live in rural areas, as well as female drivers are likely to slow down under fabricated messages. We highlight that calling or texting, taking picture, and tuning the radio are distracting activities leading drivers to slow down or stop under fictitious scenarios.