Black Man’s Burden, White Man’s Liquor in Southern Africa

Chapter 6 examines the history of Britain’s colonization of South Africa as a clash between imperialists like Cecil Rhodes—who wielded liquor as a tool to get indigenous leaders drunk and sign away rights to their land—and native African tribal leaders. Rhodes’s greatest obstacle in his planned Cape Town–to-Cairo railroad were the prohibitionist leaders of Bechuanaland (present-day Botswana)—King Khama, Sebele I, and Bathoen—who in 1895 went so far as to travel to England to plead to Queen Victoria and the Colonial Office to maintain their sovereignty against white incursions and their prohibition against white liquor. Harnessing British temperance networks and building goodwill, the Bechuana kings emerged victorious: Bechuanaland would remain a protectorate, but not folded into Britain’s Cape Colony, foiling Rhodes’s machinations.

Liquor and the Ethnic Cleansing of North America

Chapter 10 continues the focus on Native American temperance by highlighting the tension between US government goodwill and fair trade with native tribes on the one hand, and predatory capitalists—including John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company—who used liquor to subjugate the tribes on the other. William Clark (of Lewis and Clark fame) became an important mediator in this conflict between native pleas for prohibition and white profits. The role of distancing from predatory white liquor traders gives new perspectives on the Trail of Tears in the South, while the role of disputes over illegal white liquor peddling initiated the Black Hawk War to the North. As native tribes both north and south were relocated to the unsettled lands west of the Missouri and Arkansas territories, they found unscrupulous liquor dealers—including American Fur—waiting to take their tribal annuities in exchange for addictive liquor.

Increasing Softwood Pulp Yield by Minimizing Primary Peeling of Wood Carbohydrates Using Sodium Methyl Mercaptide Before and During Kraft Pulping

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of sodium methyl mercaptide (SMM) on the minimization of peeling reactions of southern pine chips in the kraft pulping process. Two methods were evaluated for SMM addition to the pulping process: 1) pre-treatment before pulping or 2) co-addition with white liquor. The effect of SMM charge, pre-treatment temperature and time, and pH of pre-treatment liquor was studied. The experimental results showed about 1.5 to 2.5 % (on O.D. (oven dry) wood basis) increase in the pulp yield after pre-treatment with or co-addition of 4.38% SMM (on O.D. wood basis). The use of 4.38% SMM allowed a decrease of the white liquor effective alkali charge (EA, on O.D. wood basis) by 3%. 4.38% SMM charge seemed to be optimum for the pre-treatment. Pre-treatment at lower pH resulted in a significant decrease in yield and an increase in rejects. The increase in pulp yield was mostly due to the increased retention of cellulose and xylan. The retention of galactoglucomannan was negligible. About 80% of the cellulose yield increase is due to the suppression of primary peeling. The remainder (0.3–0.4% of the yield increase (on O.D. wood basis) is due to reduced alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent secondary peeling.

Pembuatan PCC (Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) Menggunakan Bahan Baku Lime Mud Dengan Metode Kaustik Soda

Recausticizing merupakan proses pengolahan green liquor menjadi white liquor sebagai produk utama dan lumpur kapur (lime mud) sebagai produk samping. Lime mud sebagai produk samping memiliki kandungan CaCO3 yang cukup tinggi sehingga memungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi produk yang bernilai jual lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan lime mud sebagai bahan baku pembuatan PCC (Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) yang memiliki nilai jual lebih tinggi. Penelitian pembuatan PCC ini menggunakan metode kaustik soda dengan variasi dosis HNO3 1 M, 3 M, 5 M, 7 M, 9 M, 11 M, dan 12 M kemudian ditambahkan Na2CO3 untuk pembentukan PCC. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan dosis optimum yaitu pada konsentrasi HNO3 12 M dan Na2CO3 2 M dengan nilai rendemen 97.1 % dan kemurnian 99.57 % yang menunjukkan bahwa hasil tersebut sesuai dengan standar PCC.

Sequential In-Situ Carbonation Process for the Preparation of Hand Sheets with Waste Lime Mud

In the pulp and paper industry, the white liquor obtained from the causticizing green liquor in the smelting process mostly contains NaOH and Na2S. These chemicals are returned to the digester for reuse in the pulping process. The lime mud (LM) material is obtained from the reaction of the causticization process in paper industries. It is mainly composed of CaCO3; it appears with a green color with a high moisture content; and it has a small proportion of impurities such as non-process elements, for example Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, and S oxides and other toxic metals. This lime mud has poor whiteness with less efficiency due to its contaminated with impurities. The recycling or reutilizing process for lime mud and solid wastes are minimizing its toxic effect on the environment. The present study proposed to improve the whiteness of the waste lime mud by the calcination and hydration process at high temperatures and reutilizing it for hand sheets, making the process improve the paper brightness. In this study, we used a lime mud sample for calcination at 1000 °C and 1200 °C for 2 h and hydration at different times (3–24 h) with different temperatures (30–80 °C) and measured the powder whiteness and hand sheet brightness. The results indicated that after the calcination and hydration process, the lime mud sample whiteness was improved and that re-utilization with pulp for making hand sheets also can improve the paper brightness. It can be concluded that waste lime mud sample purification and the re-utilization process are more advantageous in paper industries.

Criminal Responsibility For Criminal Followers Producing And Selling "Drinks" White Alcohol / White Liquor In The Legal Area Of Kudus Police

This research wants to answer the problem. How is law enforcement against criminal offenders producing and selling "White Alcohol/ White Liquor" in the Kudus police area? and criminal liability against criminal offenders producing and selling "White Alcohol/ White Liquor" in the area of the Kudus Police District and in the future?Based on the results of the study concluded that 2 (two) methods of law enforcement on the circulation of alcohol by the Kudus Police District, namely preventive and repressive.Criminal accountability against criminal offenders producing and selling "White Alcohol/ White Liquor" in the area of the Kudus Police in eradicating opaque liquor in the Kudus Police Region, Obstacles faced by the Kudus Police Sabhara Unit are relating to the limited number of members of the Kudus Police Sabhara unit that generally still unsatisfactory, not yet maximized and the evenly distributed socialization steps of the Regional Government Regulation carried out at the community level, so far it is not uncommon for insufficient understanding of procedures or systems at the time of preparation up to the enactment of Perda Sabhara Unit of the Kudus Police Unit in eradicating liquor oplosan in the Kudus Police District Region,criminal liability against criminal offenders producing and selling "White Alcohol/ White Liquor" that will come in the renewal of Indonesian criminal is done by providing guidance, advising or guiding so as not to repeat the mistakes that have been made namely violating local regulations.Keywords: Criminal Liability; Criminals; Producing and Selling White Alcohol/ White Liquor.

Impact of sulfidity on the kraft pulping of eucalyptus

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of white liquor sulfidity on the efficiency of the kraft pulping process. For this study, Eucalyptus spp. chips were used. Laboratory cooking with variable sulfidity levels (0 to 40% at 5% intervals) was conducted under previously optimized conditions, aiming to obtain pulp with a Kappa number of 18 ± 0.9 and residual effective alkali between 9 and 12 gL-1. At the end of each cook, Kappa number, solids generation, specific wood, and alkali consumption were evaluated. The sulfidity variation in white liquor influenced all analyzed parameters, and concerning the specific wood consumption, a distinct behavior was observed for the low sulfidity (S ≤ 19.52%) and high sulfidity regions (S ˃ 19.52%). Based on the obtained results, the production of eucalyptus kraft pulp with white liquor sulfidity of approximately 20% is recommended.

Consequences in a softwood kraft pulp mill of initial high alkali concentration in the impregnation stage

Impregnation with high initial concentration is fast and efficient, leading to a homogeneous delignification in the subsequent cook, resulting in improved screened pulp yield. To obtain high initial alkali concentration, the white liquor flow needs to be significantly increased. The moisture content of the wood chips and the alkali concentration of the white liquor limit the initial alkali concentration of the impregnation liquor that can be reached. It is therefore of interest to evaluate the possibility to implement high alkali impregnation (HAI) industrially and the consequences this would have on the mill system. The effect of HAI on mass and energy balances in a kraft pulp mill has been studied using mill model simulations. The sensitivity to disturbances in important parameters for process control has been compared to impregnation scenarios used industrially. It was shown that high initial alkali concentration can be achieved on industrial scale by increased white liquor flow. HAI has a positive effect on recovery flows and reduces the need for make-up chemicals. The HAI concept is less sensitive to variations in process parameters, such as chip moisture and white liquor concentration, thus diminishing the risk of alkali depletion in chip cores.