Obtaining Humic Preparations From The Waste Of A Hydraulic Dump Of Coal Deposits As A Promising Waste-Free Technology

Humic substances are the main organic component of soil and water, as well as solid fossil fuels. These important components are formed during the de-composition of plant and animal residues under the influence of abiotic envi-ronmental factors and as a result of the activity of microorganisms. In the future, humic substances are of great interest for medicine, veterinary medicine and plant protection as bioregulators, biostimulants and adaptogens, which deter-mine the normal functioning of various body systems. As a result of enrichment of coal from the Angren deposit, a large amount of waste accumulates, which negatively affects the ecological situation in the region and occupies large areas, in connection with which the question of their processing arises, in particular, to obtain humic preparations and bacterial fertilizers of prolonged action. The iso-lation of humic acids from the dumps was carried out with weak solutions of po-tassium and sodium hydroxides, and then precipitated from the obtained alka-line extracts by acidification with mineral acids to pH 2.0. In the residual cakes, the synthesis of humic acids was carried out by inoculation of an association of microorganisms BK 5 grown on rice flour. In the course of the research it has been found, that optimal separation of humic acid alkali consumption solvents NaOH or KOH is 8g per 100g of the crude product in a ratio of T:F = 1:5 at a temperature of 80° C for 30 minutes.

Isolation and characterization of lignocellulosic fiber from jute bast by the organic solvent degumming system: an alkali-free method

Degumming is the dominant method for insolating lignocellulosic fibers in textile applications. Traditional alkaline degumming (TAL), as a common method, requires a high-concentration alkali and has been a severe challenge to the environment. In the research reported here, the possibility of innovative jute degumming by organic solvents 1-2 propylene glycol and a combination of additive green oxygen (GO-OS) was studied. The results revealed that fibers could be extracted by this system (under condition of 0.9% GO-OS, 180°C, 120 min), and obtained fibers with higher breaking tenacity (7.1 cN/dtex), yield (65.7%), breaking elongation (2.87%) and residual gum (11.7%), which all meet the requirement of the relevant Chinese Textile National Standards. Notably, the required reaction time (120 min) of the GO-OS system was 180 min shorter than that of the TAL method. Furthermore, the modifications introduced by the degumming effect on physicochemical aspects were characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This study provides a promising degumming method for separating jute lignocellulose without acid and alkali consumption.

Pulp and Papermaking Characteristics of South Sudanese Cordia Africana (Gambil) Wood

Objective The wood of an important indigenous Sudanese hardwood species, Cordia africana lam, was examined to determine its suitability for pulp and papermaking. Basic density, bark-to-wood ratio, fiber dimensions and chemical composition were studied. Results Pulps were evaluated and papermaking characteristics were tested. C. africana wood showed medium basic density (410 kg m-1). The average bark-to wood ratio by mass (6.82%) and volume (11.67%) were in the normal average for pulpwood and could be used for production of high grade pulp. The fibers of C. africana were long with an average fiber length of 1.13 mm, average fiber diameter was 30 µm with an average lumen diameter 20 µm and cell wall thickness of 5 µm. the wood showed high ash content (2.7%), high pentosans (25%), relatively medium lignin content (23.9%).C. africana pulped with 12-15% alkali charge as Na2O for two hours at 170 0C gave good Kappa numbers with normal and relatively high yield with very low rejects. The addition of 0.13% anthraquinone (AQ) in cooking liquor reduced the active alkali consumption by 2-2.3%, increased the pulp yield and reduced bleachable Kappa numbers. The pulp produced suitable for wrapping paper and paperboard.

Application of In-Situ and Soft-Sensors for Estimation of Recombinant P. pastoris GS115 Biomass Concentration: A Case Analysis of HBcAg (Mut+) and HBsAg (MutS) Production Processes under Varying Conditions

Microbial biomass concentration is a key bioprocess parameter, estimated using various labor, operator and process cross-sensitive techniques, analyzed in a broad context and therefore the subject of correct interpretation. In this paper, the authors present the results of P. pastoris cell density estimation based on off-line (optical density, wet/dry cell weight concentration), in-situ (turbidity, permittivity), and soft-sensor (off-gas O2/CO2, alkali consumption) techniques. Cultivations were performed in a 5 L oxygen-enriched stirred tank bioreactor. The experimental plan determined varying aeration rates/levels, glycerol or methanol substrates, residual methanol levels, and temperature. In total, results from 13 up to 150 g (dry cell weight)/L cultivation runs were analyzed. Linear and exponential correlation models were identified for the turbidity sensor signal and dry cell weight concentration (DCW). Evaluated linear correlation between permittivity and DCW in the glycerol consumption phase (<60 g/L) and medium (for Mut+ strain) to significant (for MutS strain) linearity decline for methanol consumption phase. DCW and permittivity-based biomass estimates used for soft-sensor parameters identification. Dataset consisting from 4 Mut+ strain cultivation experiments used for estimation quality (expressed in NRMSE) comparison for turbidity-based (8%), permittivity-based (11%), O2 uptake-based (10%), CO2 production-based (13%), and alkali consumption-based (8%) biomass estimates. Additionally, the authors present a novel solution (algorithm) for uncommon in-situ turbidity and permittivity sensor signal shift (caused by the intensive stirrer rate change and antifoam agent addition) on-line identification and minimization. The sensor signal filtering method leads to about 5-fold and 2-fold minimized biomass estimate drifts for turbidity- and permittivity-based biomass estimates, respectively.

Effect of bark content in mixed hardwood chips on pulp and papermaking properties

Effect of different proportions of bark in mixed hardwood (about 70 % eucalyptus and 30 % poplar) chips on pulp and papermaking properties was studied. Increased proportion of bark in raw material chips resulted in increased active alkali consumption, increased reject content in pulp and reduced pulp yield after kraft pulping. The unbleached pulp obtained with higher proportion of bark in mixed hardwood chips also has higher kappa number, lower brightness and viscosity as compared to pulp obtained with bark free mixed hardwood chips. The soda loss and ash content in pulp were severely increased from 12.8 kg/t to 312 kg/t of pulp and 0.7 % to 21.1 %, respectively with the increase of bark portion from 0 to 100 % in raw material furnish. The physical strength properties like tensile, burst and tear indices in the pulp obtained from bark were reduced by 58.5 %, 60.7 % and 68.4 %, respectively as compared to that with bark free mixed hardwood.

Technologies of fibrous semi-finished products for various purposes from miscanthus

В ходе исследовательской работы проанализированы способы получения целлюлозы из недревесного растительного сырья. Отработана технология получения целлюлозы высокого выхода сульфатным способом из мискантуса, пригодной для использования в композиции компонентов тарного картона. Условия получения целлюлозы высокого выхода: расход активной щелочи – 7%, температура – 150 °С, продолжительность – 30 мин, гидромодуль варки – 5, продолжительность горячего размола – 5 мин. Отработана технология получения химико-термомеханической массы из сечки. Условия получения: расход активной щелочи – 3%, продолжительность пропитки при 90 °С – 10 мин, продолжительность обработки при 120 °С – 10 мин, гидромодуль – 5. Отработан технологический режим отбелки химико-термомеханической массы из мискантуса по укороченной схеме Х – ЩП1 – ЩП2 с расходом Н2О2 60 кг/т, белизна образца составила 55% ISO. Отработана технология получения нейтрально-сульфитной полуцеллюлозы из мискантуса, пригодной для использования в композиции компонентов тарного картона. Условия получения нейтрально-сульфитной полуцеллюлозы: расход активной щелочи – 20%, температура – 175 °С, продолжительность – 50 мин, гидромодуль варки – 7, продолжительность горячего размола 5 мин. В соответствии с полученными результатами можно сделать вывод о том, что мискантус может быть использован для получения аналога лиственной сульфатной целлюлозы для применения в композиции различных видов бумаг. In the course of the research work, methods for obtaining cellulose from non-wood plant raw materials were analyzed. The technology of obtaining high yield cellulose by sulphate method from miscanthus, suitable for use in the composition of container cardboard components, has been developed. Conditions for obtaining high yield cellulose: active alkali consumption –7%, temperature-150 °C, duration – 30 minutes, cooking hydromodule – 5, duration of hot grinding – 5 minutes. The technology of obtaining a chemical-thermomechanical mass from a cross-section has been worked out. Production conditions: active alkali consumption – 3%, impregnation duration at 90 °C – 10 min, processing duration at 120 °C – 10 min, hydromodule – 5. The technological mode of bleaching the chemical-thermomechanical mass from miscanthus according to the shortened scheme Q – P1 – P2 with a consumption of H2O2 of 60 kg/t, the sample whiteness was 55% ISO. The technology of obtaining neutral-sulfite semi-cellulose from miscanthus, suitable for use in the composition of container cardboard components, has been developed. Conditions for producing neutral-sulfite semicellulose: active alkali consumption – 20%, temperature – 175 °C, duration – 50 minutes, cooking hydromodule – 7, duration of hot grinding – 5 minutes. In accordance with the results obtained, it can be concluded that miscanthus can be used to obtain an analog of leafy sulphate cellulose for use in the composition of various types of papers.

Pulp and Papermaking Characteristics of South Sudanese Cordia Africana (Gambil) Wood

The wood of an important indigenous Sudanese hardwood species, Cordia africana lam, was examined to determine its suitability for pulp and papermaking. Basic density, bark-to-wood ratio, fiber dimensions and chemical composition were studied. Pulps were evaluated and papermaking characteristics were tested. C. africana wood showed medium basic density (410 kg m-1). The average bark-to wood ratio by mass (6.82%) and volume (11.67%) were in the normal average for pulpwood and could be used for production of high grade pulp.The fibers of C. africana were long with an average fiber length of 1.13 mm, average fiber diameter was 30 µm with an average lumen diameter 20 µm and cell wall thickness of 5 µm. the wood showed high ash content (2.7%), high pentosans (25%), relatively medium lignin content (23.9%).C. africana pulped with 12-15% alkali charge as Na2O for two hours at 170 0C gave good Kappa numbers with normal and relatively high yield with very low rejects. The addition of 0.13% anthraquinone (AQ) in cooking liquor reduced the active alkali consumption by 2-2.3%, increased the pulp yield and reduced bleachable Kappa numbers. The pulp produced suitable for wrapping paper and paperboard.