Assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of household-pooled universal testing to control COVID-19 epidemics

Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 are threatening the health care systems of several countries around the world. The initial control of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics relied on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing, teleworking, mouth masks and contact tracing. However, as pre-symptomatic transmission remains an important driver of the epidemic, contact tracing efforts struggle to fully control SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. Therefore, in this work, we investigate to what extent the use of universal testing, i.e., an approach in which we screen the entire population, can be utilized to mitigate this epidemic. To this end, we rely on PCR test pooling of individuals that belong to the same households, to allow for a universal testing procedure that is feasible with the limited testing capacity. We evaluate two isolation strategies: on the one hand pool isolation, where we isolate all individuals that belong to a positive PCR test pool, and on the other hand individual isolation, where we determine which of the individuals that belong to the positive PCR pool are positive, through an additional testing step. We evaluate this universal testing approach in the STRIDE individual-based epidemiological model in the context of the Belgian COVID-19 epidemic. As the organisation of universal testing will be challenging, we discuss the different aspects related to sample extraction and PCR testing, to demonstrate the feasibility of universal testing when a decentralized testing approach is used. We show through simulation, that weekly universal testing is able to control the epidemic, even when many of the contact reductions are relieved. Finally, our model shows that the use of universal testing in combination with stringent contact reductions could be considered as a strategy to eradicate the virus.

PENTINGNYA DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN DALAM ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

Sebagai suatu aspek yang terpenting dalam proses keperawatan, perumusan diagnosa keperawatan ini sangatlah vital untuk dilakukan. Pernahkan kita mendengar beberapa diagnosa keperawatan pada pasien. Diagnosis Keperawatan merupakan keputusan klinik tentang respon individu, keluarga dan masyarakat tentang masalah kesehatan aktual atau potensial, dimana berdasarkan pendidikan dan pengalamannya, perawat secara akontabilitas dapat mengidentifikasi dan memberikan intervensi secara pasti untuk menjaga, menurunkan, membatasi, mencegah dan merubah status kesehatan klien. Diagnosis keperawatan ditetapkan berdasarkan analisis dan interpretasi data yang diperoleh dari pengkajian keperawatan klien. Diagnosis keperawatan memberikan gambaran tentang masalah atau status kesehatan klien yang nyata (aktual) dan kemungkinan akan terjadi, dimana pemecahannya dapat dilakukan dalam batas wewenang perawat. Proses keperawatan telah diidentikan sebagai metoda ilmiah keperawatan untuk para penerima tindakan keperawatan. Kebanyakan sekolah-sekolah keperawatan sekarang memasukkan proses keperawatan sebagai sautu komponen dari konsep kerja konsepatual mereka. National Council of State Broads of Nursing menggunakan proses keperawatan sebagai dasar untuk Registered Nurse State Board Test Pool Examination (NCSBN). Pertanyaan –pertanyaan yang berhubungan dengan tindakan keperawatan dalam menangani kedaan pasien yang bervariasi disajikan sesuai dengan lima langkah dari proses keperawatan.

Assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of household-pooled universal testing to control COVID-19 epidemics

Current outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 are threatening the health care systems of several countries around the world. The control of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics currently relies on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing, teleworking, mouth masks and contact tracing. However, as pre-symptomatic transmission remains an important driver of the epidemic, contact tracing efforts struggle to fully control SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. Therefore, in this work, we investigate to what extent the use of universal testing, i.e., an approach in which we screen the entire population, can be utilized to mitigate this epidemic. To this end, we rely on PCR test pooling of individuals that belong to the same households, to allow for a universal testing procedure that is feasible with the current testing capacity. We evaluate two isolation strategies: on the one hand pool isolation, where we isolate all individuals that belong to a positive PCR test pool, and on the other hand individual isolation, where we determine which of the individuals that belong to the positive PCR pool are positive, through an additional testing step. We evaluate this universal testing approach in the STRIDE individual-based epidemiological model in the context of the Belgian COVID-19 epidemic. As the organisation of universal testing will be challenging, we discuss the different aspects related to sample extraction and PCR testing, to demonstrate the feasibility of universal testing when a decentralized testing approach is used. We show through simulation, that weekly universal testing is able to control the epidemic, even when many of the contact reductions are relieved. Finally, our model shows that the use of universal testing in combination with stringent contact reductions could be considered as a strategy to eradicate the virus.

Study of the possibilities of 3D printing in ship modeling using the example of manufacturing a model of a small vessel for hydrodynamic testing in an experimental pool

The relevance of the work is determined by a fundamentally new direction of 3D printing in the manufacture of ship models for hydrodynamic testing. In this paper, we study the towing drag of a model of a small boat manufactured using additive three-dimensional printing technologies. Based on the dimensions of the 3D printers used and the technological parameters of working with them, as well as the design features of the test pool, small-sized vessels of a series of kayaks, kayaks and canoes, which are of sufficient length, but not too wide and high, were investigated as a prototype of the future model, which is ideal under the methods of additive manufacturing. A base of prototypes of vessels of this class has been compiled and a rationale has been given for the choice of the prototype vessel itself for research, including an analysis of the design of the vessels presented, the availability of design and technological documentation, as well as technological schemes for manufacturing the model. A 3D model of the vessel was developed, its optimization for 3D printing and analysis of geometric shapes for deviations from ITTC requirements. The study of deviations of the geometric shapes of the ship model from shrinkage deformations was carried out using 3D scanning with the development of a technological scheme for describing this process. When developing a 3D model, in the process of 3D printing, as well as processing the results of 3D scanning, modern software tools — FreeShip, Autodesk Inventor, Cloud Compare, and others — were used in the work. In the manufacture of the model, the new DPA adhesive compound formula was used, able to provide durable joints for PLA plastic products. It was found that the measurements prove the possibility of using 3D printing for the production of ship models for hydrodynamic testing, subject to all the nuances of the technology.

ARCIMBOLDOon coiled coils

ARCIMBOLDOsolves the phase problem by combining the location of small model fragments usingPhaserwith density modification and autotracing usingSHELXE. Mainly helical structures constitute favourable cases, which can be solved using polyalanine helical fragments as search models. Nevertheless, the solution of coiled-coil structures is often complicated by their anisotropic diffraction and apparent translational noncrystallographic symmetry. Long, straight helices have internal translational symmetry and their alignment in preferential directions gives rise to systematic overlap of Patterson vectors. This situation has to be differentiated from the translational symmetry relating different monomers.ARCIMBOLDO_LITEhas been run on single workstations on a test pool of 150 coiled-coil structures with 15–635 amino acids per asymmetric unit and with diffraction data resolutions of between 0.9 and 3.0 Å. The results have been used to identify and address specific issues when solving this class of structures usingARCIMBOLDO. Features fromPhaserv.2.7 onwards are essential to correct anisotropy and produce translation solutions that will pass the packing filters. As the resolution becomes worse than 2.3 Å, the helix direction may be reversed in the placed fragments. Differentiation between true solutions and pseudo-solutions, in which helix fragments were correctly positioned but in a reverse orientation, was found to be problematic at resolutions worse than 2.3 Å. Therefore, after every new fragment-placement round, complete or sparse combinations of helices in alternative directions are generated and evaluated. The final solution is once again probed by helix reversal, refinement and extension. To conclude, density modification andSHELXEautotracing incorporating helical constraints is also exploited to extend the resolution limit in the case of coiled coils and to enhance the identification of correct solutions. This study resulted in a specialized mode withinARCIMBOLDOfor the solution of coiled-coil structures, which overrides the resolution limit and can be invoked from the command line (keyword coiled_coil) orARCIMBOLDO_LITEtask interface inCCP4i.

Oil Leak Detections with a Combined Telescopic Fluorescence Sensor and a Wide Band MultiBeam Sonar

ABSTRACT 2017-042: A combined telescopic fluorescence instrument and a wide band multibeam sonar (WBMS) were developed as dual sensors for detecting underwater oil leaks and plumes. The fluorescence instrument is a forward-looking fluorescence polarization instrument with motorized telescopic focusing that can detect oil at a standoff distance. The instrument responds only to materials showing fluorescence polarization, and therefore is able to distinguish oil from other fluorescing species in water. The WBMS is as an acoustic sensor that provides 2D as well as 3D topology for mapping and water column imagery. The operational integration of the two sensors result in a more definitive identification and mapping of oil in the water column co-registered in time and space. The sonar records a 3-dimensional map of a leak, and then the fluorescence sensor is use to confirm that the leak that the sonar detected is oil. A sensing scheme to integrate the operation and overlap the field of view of the 2 instruments was developed as well as the software algorithm to automate the detection process. Evaluations of the integrated sensors were done in a test pool and in open water. Testing results shows that the combined sensors are very effective in detecting and identifying oil plume in the water column.

BEM Numerical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Cathodic Protection for Offshore Structures

The progresses and theoretical methodology of computer modeling of cathodic protection using the boundary element method (BEM) are outlined. To test the effectiveness and accuracy of BEM numerical modeling of cathodic protection for offshore structures, a miniature model offshore jacket with a sacrificial anode was built and put in a test pool full of seawater. Cathodic protection potentials on different positions were measured and compared with the values obtained from computer modeling. The results show good agreement between measured value and numerical simulated value. The factors that led to discrepancy in the two groups of data were discussed.

Manned Evaluation of a Prototype Cold Water Diving Garment Using Superinsulation Aerogel Materials

During January 2005, the U. S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) in Panama City, Florida conducted a repeated measures series of twelve test dives, each up to three hours in duration, to compare the thermal performance of a prototype diving garment using a superinsulation aerogel fabric with that of a commercially-available Thinsulate garment worn beneath a commercial dry suit. The thermal benefit of the experimental aerogel garment was determined by statistics describing psychological and physical thermal status data from the aerogel and the commercial Thinsulate garments. All tests were conducted to simulate long-duration cold water conditions in the NEDU test pool, where water temperature was maintained between 1.7 and 4.4 °C (35 and 40 °F). Divers remained immobile while either lying or sitting in chairs on the bottom of the test pool, and they subjectively reported their thermal comfort at 30-minute intervals during each dive. Mean dive durations were found to be approximately 43% longer when divers wore the prototype aerogel garment than when they wore an M400 Thinsulate liner. The prototype aerogel garment also enhanced thermal protection to the fingers and toes, although thermal stress to these body regions still remained the most frequent reason for aborting dives. Future research should include work on localized active heating of the hands and feet to augment the thermal insulation of the prototype aerogel garment.