Review of research in photovoltaic panels cooling for domestic and industrial applications

This paper presents a review of recent photovoltaic cooling technologies and techniques used to reduce the negative impact of increased temperature to enhance the production of electricity by photovoltaic (PV) modules. Various cooling methods are reviewed; namely, Thermoelectric cooling, PV cooling with phase change materials (PCM) and nanofluids, PV systems cooled by forced water circulation, water immersion cooling technique, PV systems cooled by heat sinks, and solar PV systems cooled by water spraying. Several research papers are reviewed, and their focus is explained to provide an understanding of each cooling method to decrease the surface temperature of PV modules. In the conclusion section, the advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned cooling methods are expressed. This work can be used by engineers working on the design and theory of cooled photovoltaic systems.

Perancangan Sistem Pendingin Photovoltaic dengan Memanfaatkan Kontroler Water Spray

Temperature is one of the parameters other than radiation that can affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) in relation to the output power and efficiency. This paper discusses the design of the PV cooling system using waters pray that controlled automatically. The temperature of the PV on the sensor as input to the controller and the output is the switch settings to turn on/off the pump in spraying water to the surface of the PV panel with the intention that the PV is always maintained at normal temperatures. The system was tested simultaneously on 4 PV panels @ 100Wp by involving PV without a cooling system with the same capacity during the day and the result was compared. Based on the results of PV temperature measurements in relation to the output power shows that PV with a cooling system generates higher output power than PV without a cooling system. By taking into account the involvement of power consumed by the cooling system consists of a controller and pump, the efficiency of PV rises slightly to 1.07 times.

Solar Photovoltaic Panels with Finned Phase Change Material Heat Sinks

Phase change material (PCM) based passive cooling of photovoltaics (PV) can be highly productive due to high latent heat capacity. However, the low rate of heat transfer limits its usefulness. Thus, the presented work aims at the improvement in PV cooling by using finned PCM (FPCM) heat sinks. In the present study, PCM heat sink and FPCM heat sinks were investigated numerically for PV cooling and the extracted heat is used for space heating. 4 kWp PV, PV-PCM and PV-FPCM systems were studied under the weather conditions of Southeast of England. It was observed that the PCM heat sinks can drop the peak PV temperature by 13 K, whereas FPCM heat sinks can enhance the PV cooling by 19 K. The PCM heat sinks can increase the PV electrical efficiency from 13% to 14%. Moreover, the daily electricity generation can be boosted by 7% using PCM and 8% by using FPCM heat sinks. In addition, 7 kWh of thermal output was achieved using the FPCM heat sink, and the overall efficiency of system increased from 13% to 19%.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic Module’s Surface-to-Rear Temperature Controlled Valve for Cooling Application

This study investigated the effectiveness of the developed solar photovoltaic (PV) module's surface-to-rear temperature-controlled solenoid valves for PV module cooling application. The cooling fluid is regulated by energizing normally closed (NC) solenoid valve with control parameters as modules rear and surface temperatures. ATmega32 microcontroller was utilized as central processing unit with two (2) LM35 as input sensors and solenoid valve as an output device. Each of 2-LM35 temperature sensors were dedicated to measure module's rear and surface temperatures respectively. The measured temperature values were coded as controlled parameters for regulating cooling fluid discharge by energizing a NC solenoid valve. The system was observed to discharge cooling fluid by energizing the solenoid valve under module's surface and rear temperature difference of less than or equal to 1.50C (Ts-Tr≤1.50C). The module's mean surface temperatures of 49.310C and 54.920C were recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling applications and a standard solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The maximum recorded surface temperatures for temperature-controlled PV cooling and a standard PV/T systems were 54.00C and 57.60C respectively. The mean absorber temperatures of 45.510C and 40.870C were respectively recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling and standard PV/T. The maximum absorber temperature recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling and standard PV/T were 48.300C and 41.630C respectively. The solar cells temperature is reduced by 5.38% through solenoid valve temperature controlled solar module cooling application. Keywords: Temperature-controlled, ATmega32, solenoid valve, solar module, cooling application.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Cooling Performance of Fins and Metal Mesh Attached on a Photovoltaic Module

The electrical efficiency and durability of a photovoltaic (PV) cell degrades as its temperature increases. Accordingly, there have been continued efforts to control the cell temperature by cooling the PV module. Generally, passive PV cooling using heat sinks attached on the back of the PV module can improve the electrical efficiency. However, few experimental studies have evaluated the effect of the heat sink shape on PV cooling. Therefore, this study proposed a passive cooling technology using meshes made of iron and aluminum, and performed indoor tests using a solar simulator to analyze the cooling performance. The experimental results demonstrated that iron and aluminum meshes reduced the PV module temperature by approximately 4.35 °C and 6.56 °C, respectively. Additionally, numerical studies were performed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to compare the cooling fins and meshes. The numerical results showed that the cooling fins exhibited a better cooling performance than the metal mesh. However, meshes can be mass-produced and have a high structural stability against wind loads. Meshes are more likely be applied to PV systems than cooling fins if adhesion were improved.

Investigation of Repurposed Material Utilization for Environmental Protection and Reduction of Overheat Power Losses in PV Panels

Constant exposure of a photovoltaic (PV) panel to sunlight causes it to overheat and, consequently, its rated efficiency decreases leading to a drop in its generated power. In this study, a PV panel was tested under standard test conditions in a halogen lamp solar simulator at different solar irradiance values. The PV panel was then fitted with heat dissipating fins and measured under identical test parameters; thereafter, repurposed materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and plastic bags were, separately, added to the PV panel with fitted heat-extraction fins and the performance was evaluated again. Passively cooling the PV panel with fins and repurposed materials resulted in a 22.7% drop in the PV panel’s temperature, while an 11.6% increase in power output occurred at 1000 W m-2. Utilizing repurposed waste materials in PV cooling improves a panel’s efficiency and saves the environment from the ecological effects of dumping these materials.

An Experimental Investigation of a Novel Low-Cost Photovoltaic Panel Active Cooling System

Renewable energy sources are the most useful way to generate clean energy and guide the transition toward green power generation and a low-carbon economy. Among renewables, the best alternative to electricity generation from fossil fuels is solar energy because it is the most abundant and does not release pollutants during conversion processes. Despite the photovoltaic (PV) module ability to produce electricity in an eco-friendly way, PV cells are extremely sensitive to temperature increments. This can result in efficiency drop of 0.25%/ ∘ C to 0.5%/ ∘ C. To overcome this issue, manufacturers and researchers are devoted to the improvement of PV cell efficiency by decreasing operating temperature. For this purpose, the authors have developed a low-cost and high-performance PV cooling system that can drastically reduce module operating temperature. In the present work, the authors present a set of experimental measurements devoted to selecting the PV cooling arrangement that guarantees the best compromise of water-film uniformity, module temperature reduction, water-consumption minimization, and module power production maximization. Results show that a cooling system equipped with 3 nozzles characterized by a spraying angle of 90 ∘ , working with an inlet pressure of 1.5 bar, and which remains active for 30 s and is switched off for 120 s, can reduce module temperature by 28 ∘ C and improve the module efficiency by about 14%. In addition, cost per single module of the cooling system is only 15 €.