Circling Communities

<p>There are works of architecture that are concerned with the user and others that are heavily concerned with form. Although the best buildings are concerned with both, it is often that one is compromised for the other. The site for this thesis is contested by four diverse communities; a surf club, a recreational park, a holiday park, and the surrounding houses. In developing a proposal for the site, the aim of this thesis is to explore design processes and formal strategies that will create an architecture concerned with both. Throughout this thesis there are a series of design experiments which view the building from different directions according to the design medium. When using diagrams and mass models I have viewed the building from above (plan). When using a refined drawing technique I have viewed the building from the side (section). I have then used both physical and digital models as a way of translating the two-dimensional views into a three-dimensional building. This shift in design media has revealed that the plan and section can have opposing formal qualities. These qualities, simplicity in plan and complexity in section, have allowed me to address both the social and formal concerns of designing on a site like this.</p>

Circling Communities

<p>There are works of architecture that are concerned with the user and others that are heavily concerned with form. Although the best buildings are concerned with both, it is often that one is compromised for the other. The site for this thesis is contested by four diverse communities; a surf club, a recreational park, a holiday park, and the surrounding houses. In developing a proposal for the site, the aim of this thesis is to explore design processes and formal strategies that will create an architecture concerned with both. Throughout this thesis there are a series of design experiments which view the building from different directions according to the design medium. When using diagrams and mass models I have viewed the building from above (plan). When using a refined drawing technique I have viewed the building from the side (section). I have then used both physical and digital models as a way of translating the two-dimensional views into a three-dimensional building. This shift in design media has revealed that the plan and section can have opposing formal qualities. These qualities, simplicity in plan and complexity in section, have allowed me to address both the social and formal concerns of designing on a site like this.</p>

Optimal modes of side-section flow in heat-pump-assisted extractive distillation systems for separating allyl alcohol–allyl acetate mixtures with butyl propionate

Objectives. To investigate the influence of side-section flow modes on the energy efficiency of a partially thermally coupled distillation sequence (PTCDS) with a vapor recompression heat pump for the extractive distillation of an allyl alcohol–allyl acetate mixture with n-butyl propionate and identify modes under which the combined use of a PTCDS and heat pump are the most efficient.Methods. Mathematical modeling in the Aspen Plus V10 software package was used as the main research method. The local composition equation of the non-random two-liquid model was used as a model for describing the vapor–liquid equilibrium, while the Redlich–Kwong model was used to consider the non-ideal vapor phase. When modeling the conventional extractive distillation scheme and PTCDS, parametric optimization was carried out according to the criterion of the total energy costs in the column reboilers. For the economical evaluation, Aspen Process Economic Analyzer V10.1 tools were used.Results. For extractive distillation of a mixture of allyl alcohol (30 wt %) and allyl acetate (70 wt %) with n-butyl propionate as an entrainer, the minimum energy consumption was achieved at the same side-section flow mode for the variants of a PTCDS with and without a heat pump. The reduction in energy costs relative to the conventional scheme was 20% for the sequence without a heat pump and 38% for that with a heat pump. An economic assessment was made of the best options in comparison with the conventional extractive distillation scheme. The PTCDS with a heat pump had an advantage over the sequence without a heat pump only for long periods of operation.Conclusions. For the extractive distillation of an allyl alcohol–allyl acetate mixture, the optimal modes for the combined use of a PTCDS with a vapor recompression heat pump coincide with the optimal modes for a PTCDS without a heat pump.

New Compound Open Channel Section with Polynomial Sides: Improving Cost and Aesthetics

Previous research on compound trapezoidal cross sections has mainly focused on improving the prediction of the discharge (flow rate) because of its inherent challenges. This paper focuses on two other important aspects: Section shape and optimal construction cost. First, the paper proposes a new compound section with third-degree polynomial sides of main channel with horizontal bottom (HB) that allows its top corners to be smooth, called herein compound polynomial section. The special cases of this versatile section include the simple polynomial section, polygonal section, trapezoidal-rectangular section, two-segment linear-side section, and parabolic bottom-trapezoidal section. The simple polynomial section, which is the bank-full part of the compound polynomial section, can further produce parabolic (with or without HB), trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular sections. Second, an optimization model that minimizes construction cost (excavation and lining) of the compound (or simple) polynomial section is developed. The model includes discharge and physical constraints. Theoretical and empirical methods of discharge prediction were used in the model. The results show that the simple polynomial section was more economical than the popular parabolic section by up to 8.6% when the side slopes were restricted. The new polynomial-based sections not only reduced construction cost, but also improved maintenance and aesthetics. As such, the new sections should be of interest to researchers and practitioners in hydraulic engineering.

New and improved channel cross section with piecewise linear or smooth sides

This paper presents a new and improved channel cross section with m-segment linear sides and horizontal bottom (MSLS). For large m, the section sides become smooth curves, thus providing the designer with flexibility in using either piecewise linear or smooth channel sides with the same formulation. General simple formulas for the area and perimeter are presented for section sides with m linear segments. An optimization model, which implements the general formulas and minimizes the construction cost, is presented and applied using an example. For sections with piecewise linear sides, where the surface lining unit cost increases as the number of sides increases, the MSLS section was found to be more economical than a section with two-segment linear sides when the rate of increase in cost is not large. The smooth MSLS was found to be always more economical than the two-segment parabolic side section and the parabolic side section. The MSLS, which is more economical, yet simpler, than other section types is useful for a wide range of applications involving small and large channels.

III.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida

Sp. char.—Tube small, sinistral, narrow, increasing but little in size towards the aperture, very narrow and fine towards the apex; volutions not in the same plane, somewhat raised, with a sunken apex, rather deeply umbilicated on the attached side; section circular. Surface marked with faint, regular, equidistant, transverse ridges, which are more marked along the union of the whorls (or “suture”) than on the periphery or back of the last volution.