Decarboxylation efficiency of carboxylic acids as ligands of metal oxide nanocluster resists upon γ-ray irradiation

Metal oxide nanocluster resists have recently attracted considerable attention for use in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. To obtain sophisticated guidelines for material design, it is necessary to understand well the radiation-induced chemical reaction scheme including the insolubilization mechanism. In this study, the production of CO2, which is considered to be one of the end products of treatment with an ionizing radiation, was investigated for eight types of carboxylic acid under various conditions using -rays (60Co) as a radiation source. The amount of CO2 produced was measured by gas chromatography (GC). GCO2 (/100 eV), which indicates decarboxylation efficiency, was evaluated. CO2 was generated through electron addition, hole transfer, and hydroxyl radical addition to the molecular and ionic forms of carboxylic acids. The dependences of GCO2 on reaction partners were clarified. The dependences of GCO2 on the molecular structure and dissociative state of carboxylic acids were also clarified.

Wearing the wolf skin: psychiatry and the phenomenon of the berserker in medieval Scandinavia

This paper examines the berserker, a frenzied warrior attested to in both the written and material sources of medieval Scandinavia, and elucidates the characteristics that define him. It critiques explanations for the phenomenon offered in the existing historiography and whether this can be explained as a psychiatric diagnosis. It concludes that the berserker cannot be simply defined as a culturally bound or other psychiatric syndrome, or accounted for by psychogenic drugs alone. Instead, it proposes that berserk frenzy constituted a transitory dissociative state shared among a small warband steeped in religious/spiritual ideology. In entering this state, the psyche of the berserker was reconstituted in an almost archetypal pattern. Further research is required into this phenomenon in other contexts, including modern conflicts.

ENERGIES AND VIBRATIONAL MODES OF SPECIES FORMED BY DEHYDROGENATION OF CH4 IN PRESENCE OF O2 OVER Cr2O3(0001)

In this work we perform a theoretical study of dehydrogenation process of CH4 on O2– in both molecular and dissociative states - previously adsorbed on Cr2O3(0001). Calculations are based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). The results show the methanol formation form the adsorption of CH4 on O2 in dissociative state with a formationenergy5:14 eV. Also formaldehyde was formed by the reaction of CH2with molecular O2(Eads=6:09 eV) and dioxymethylene by the reaction of CH2with O2 previously adsorbed in dissociative state on Cr2O3(0001), withEads=8:17 eV. Finally, the vibrational modes found by DFT for each of the species were compared, which are in good agreement with those of reference bibliography. This allows us to support the values found both by technical calculations and by experimental methods.

Shifting the Semangat: Parallelism in the Central Indonesian Mantra

The Javanese mantra, is a communicative act, and a spiritual dialogue. During the mantra ritual, the shaman Orang Pinter and supplicant receiving the intervention select become equal agents, as they intervene for change in the cultural and spiritual disposition of the supplicant. But in this paper. The presentation discusses ethnographic work over 10 years during which over 1500 mantras were documented throughout central to east Java, Indonesia, To effect the documentation process, I engaged with a range of communities and individuals throughout Java, that is, Yogyakarta, Solo, Surabaya, Alas Purwo, Salatiga, Bali, and other localities, Spiritual interventions were witnessed, and we suggest religious affiliation tells only part of the story. Drawing on frameworks of symbolic interactionism, and phenomenological nominalism, the synopsis discusses how a poetic discourse analysis of mantras can describe a system employed by these shamans and the supplicants to discursively facilitate the spiritual process, by altering the dissociative state of the supplicant. The talk concludes by presenting a model for the mantra in Java, and possibly in other global regions. Within this model, several overlapping processes mediate the drawing on cultural symbolisms, and overlap in strategic designs, to to effect change in the supplicant. The paper draws on work by Rebecca Seligman, who has conducted similar ethnographic and theoretical work in the South American context.

Double resonance rotational spectroscopy of He–HCO+

The ground state of He–HCO+ is investigated using a recently developed double resonance technique, consisting of a rotational transition followed by a vibrational transition into a dissociative state.

Trauma-intrusive hallucinations and the dissociative state

BackgroundResearch has supported a model of dissociation mediating the experience of hearing voices in traumatised individuals.AimsTo further understand this model by examining subtypes of the dissociative experience involved in trauma-intrusive hallucinations.MethodThe study involved four hospitals, 11 psychiatrists and 69 participants assessed using the Psychotic Symptoms Rating scale, the PTSD Symptoms Scale Interview and the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD ScoreResultsIn total, 59% (n = 41) of the participants heard voices and they were compared with the 41% (n = 28) who did not. The severity of PTSD symptoms did not predict experience of hearing voices. Regression analysis indicated that two scales of dissociation (derealisation/depersonalisation and loss of awareness) were equally good predictors of the extent of hearing voices. Adding other possible predictors (age of trauma <18, sexual violence) was relevant but did not enhance the prediction.ConclusionsThis research supports the proposal that trauma-intrusive voices are mediated by symptoms of dissociation. The supported model describes general, rather than trauma specific, symptoms of dissociation mediating the experience of hearing voices. The concept of anchoring is discussed and suggests a potential treatment strategy, which could be useful in the clinical management of hearing voices.Declaration of interestNone.