THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE AS AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL FRONTIER- LEMAÎTRE TO GAMOW

It was in 1922, when Alexandre Friedmann proposed some models for cosmic evolution, that modern cosmology faced for the first time in a scientific way the problem of the origin of the universe. It was the inaugural step of the big bang cosmology (usually known as the Big Bang Theory), to which several important cosmologists contributed over the following decades. Among these cosmologists, there were two who played a special role: Georges Lemaître, who proposed the primeval atom theory, and George Gamow, who later assumed the hot and dense primordial state of the universe which contemporary cosmology continues to admit. In this paper, I present and compare the perspectives of these two great cosmologists towards the idea of the beginning of the universe as an epistemological frontier, that is, as an unsurpassable limit to the physical knowledge of the universe, namely with regard to an explanation of what caused this beginning and how the primordial universe had come into existence. Both cosmologists assumed that the beginning of our universe is located before everything that physics can achieve, but we can identify one important difference: according to Lemaître, the beginning of the universe is located before space and time, and we can admit that is an epistemological beginning and also an ontological beginning; according to Gamow, the beginning of our universe may have been the result of a preexistent cosmological state of the universe which is just inaccessible to physics, and therefore is not an ontological but just an epistemological beginning.

Action at a Distance: From Boscovich to Nietzsche

Limited scholarly attention has been committed to the analysis of Nietzsche’s 1873 Time-Atom Theory, a fragment whose contentions strike both the seasoned and unseasoned reader of the Nachlass as especially speculative and grandiose. The principal objective of this essay is to critically review and extend the recent aspects of this limited commentary, focusing on the work of Gregory Whitlock, Robin Small and Keith Ansell-Pearson. I argue that an important and overlooked ambiguity is latent in Nietzsche’s framing of his argument, which impinges upon the scope and purpose of the fragment. I consider the question posed by Small as to the status of the time-points in the fragment which, I contend, Nietzsche does not hold to be empirical. Thirdly, I discuss a central point of debate between Whitlock, Small and Ansell-Pearson: the extent of the analogy between Roger Boscovich and Nietzsche. I submit in conclusion that the connections between the two have been over-emphasised in the context of the 1873 fragment, and that this relationship cannot yield a complete account of Nietzsche’s approach.

Ontology and Metaphysics

In many of its claims, Bolzano’s metaphysics appears to belong in the eighteenth century: he elaborates a monadology and an account of the creation which, despite significant differences, resemble those of Leibniz and his successors in many particulars. As in mathematics, he treated the work of his predecessors with respect, seeking foundations for what he took to be solid and modifying where he thought necessary. As in mathematics, too, his search for foundations often produced radically new conceptions. Perhaps the most important of these are found in his theory of collections, with its anticipations of set theory and classical mereology. This chapter gives a survey of Bolzano’s work in metaphysics, covering basic concepts of his ontology (object, attribute, property, relation, determination, collection, substance, adherence, etc.), his account of space and time, and his atom-theory (a variant of Leibniz’s monadology), as well as his conceptions of necessity and possibility. (148 words)

METAFOR ATOM DALAM KARYA KRIYA TEKSTIL

Atom merupakan partikel terkecil yang tidak dapat dibagi lagi. Segala sesuatu diseluruh dunia terdiri dari atom, baik manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, maupun benda mati. Model atom dari John Dalton, Joseph John Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, dan Niels Henrik David Bohr digunakan sebagai sumber ide yang akan divisualisasikan dalam bentuk karya kriya tekstil berupa busana. Penciptaan karya ini didasari dari latar belakang penulis yang menganggap sains dan seni dapat dikorelasikan untuk menjelaskan suatu isu melalui metafor atom. Dalam ilmu sains, bentuk model atom tidak dibuat untuk kepentingan estetika, namun didalamnya terdapat beberapa sifat dan bentuk visual yang menarik untuk dijadikan karya seni.Metode penciptaan yang digunakan berupa pengumpulan data-data melalui studi pustaka atau observasi secara langsung, melakukan analisis data dengan menggunakan pendekatan estetika dan desain secara ergonomi. Metode selanjutnya adalah perwujudan karya yang dimulai dari perancangan, persiapan bahan, hingga mewujudkan karya untuk kemudian mengevaluasi kembali. Pengerjaan karya ini menggunakan teknik batik tulis, teknik cat pada kain, tie dye, serta sulam payet, aplikasi benang, dan sulam tapis sebagai finishing. Penciptaan karya seni ini juga diperkuat dengan beberapa teori seperti : teori atom, teori busana, dan teori quantum.Hasil karya yang diciptakan berupa busana cassual wanita, dengan ornamen atom yang sudah digubahkan. Karya ini merupakan karya seni sekaligus bersifat fungsional yang dapat disesuaikan dalam penggunaannya. Diharapkan karya ini dapat memberikan inspirasi bagi masyarakat luas, ranah seni dan lembaga pendidikan, agar dapat menciptakan karya yang lebih inovatif dibidang seni, baik dari segi teknik maupun material khususnya seni kriya tekstil.Kata Kunci: Atom, Busana, Ornamen Atom is the smallest particle which can be divided into the smaller ones. The whole things in the world are consist of atom including human, animal, plant and the inanimate object. This work was inspired by the atom model from John Dalton, Joseph John Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Henrik David Bohr. The tangible work was visualized in the textiles media as a cloth. This work is based on the writer’s thought about the correlation of science and art which can figure out an issue from atom metaphor. In science, the form of atom can be used for the aesthetic field, but there are some interesting visual form inside the atom that can be explored as an art work.The method used in this work were collecting the appropriate data through literature study, direct observation, and analizing the data using aesthetic approach also ergonomics design. The next step was embodiment the art work. It started with the plans, preparation the materials, its embodiment and evaluating. The technique of this work were using handmade batik, painting on the textile, tie dye, embroidery sequin, aplication thread, and embroidery tapis. The theory that used in this work are atom theory, fashion theory and quantum theory. The art work result was an atom ornament cassual cloth which has new and vary form. This work is an art work also has a function depends on its user. The expectation of this work are giving the inspiration for the whole society, art field and the education institute. Thus, especially for the textile work, they can produce more creative art work, which is from its technique or its material.Keywords : Atom, Cloth, Ornament