scholarly journals THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE AS AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL FRONTIER- LEMAÎTRE TO GAMOW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
João BARBOSA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Physical Knowledge ◽  
Cosmic Evolution ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Atom Theory ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

It was in 1922, when Alexandre Friedmann proposed some models for cosmic evolution, that modern cosmology faced for the first time in a scientific way the problem of the origin of the universe. It was the inaugural step of the big bang cosmology (usually known as the Big Bang Theory), to which several important cosmologists contributed over the following decades. Among these cosmologists, there were two who played a special role: Georges Lemaître, who proposed the primeval atom theory, and George Gamow, who later assumed the hot and dense primordial state of the universe which contemporary cosmology continues to admit. In this paper, I present and compare the perspectives of these two great cosmologists towards the idea of the beginning of the universe as an epistemological frontier, that is, as an unsurpassable limit to the physical knowledge of the universe, namely with regard to an explanation of what caused this beginning and how the primordial universe had come into existence. Both cosmologists assumed that the beginning of our universe is located before everything that physics can achieve, but we can identify one important difference: according to Lemaître, the beginning of the universe is located before space and time, and we can admit that is an epistemological beginning and also an ontological beginning; according to Gamow, the beginning of our universe may have been the result of a preexistent cosmological state of the universe which is just inaccessible to physics, and therefore is not an ontological but just an epistemological beginning.

Naming the Big Bang

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Kragh
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Consensus Model ◽  
Initial State ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Fred Hoyle ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The standard model of modern cosmology is known as the hot big bang, a name that refers to the initial state of the universe some fourteen billion years ago. The name Big Bang introduced by Fred Hoyle in 1949 is one of the most successful scientific neologisms ever. How did the name originate and how was it received by physicists and astronomers in the period leading up to the hot big bang consensus model in the late 1960s? How did it reflect the meanings of the origin of the universe, a concept that predates the name by nearly two decades? Contrary to what is often assumed, the name was not an instant success—it took more than twenty years before Big Bang became a household word in the scientific community. When it happened, it was used with different connotations, as is still the case. Moreover, it was used earlier and more frequently in popular than in scientific contexts, and not always relating to cosmology. It turns out that Hoyle’s celebrated name has a richer and more surprising history than commonly assumed and also that the literature on modern cosmology and its history includes many common mistakes and errors. An etymological approach centering on the name Big Bang provides supplementary insight to the historical understanding of the emergence of modern cosmology.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE AND 80 YEARS OF BIG BANG

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARRY NUSSBAUMER
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Static Universe ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Modern cosmology began in 1917 when Einstein published his model of a static Universe built on general relativity. A few months later de Sitter came forward with a competing, but also static model which contained no matter but had the intriguing quality that the spectrum of a test particle appeared redshifted to a distant observer. It was thought that de Sitter's model might explain the redshifted spectra observed by Slipher in spiral nebulae. However, in 1927 Lemaître showed that de Sitter's model violated the principle of homogeneity. He then formulated a dynamical cosmological model and combined it with the available observations, showing that our Universe is expanding. He theoretically derived the linear distance–velocity relationship which today is called the "Hubble-relation." Hubble confirmed the relation in 1929 on purely observational grounds. 80 years ago, in 1931 in a letter to Nature, Lemaître suggested that the Universe had a definite beginning in a rapid expansion out of a highly condensed state: the primeval atom. This event became later known as the Big Bang.

scholarly journals The origin of life from primordial planets

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Gibson ◽  
Rudolph E. Schild ◽  
N. Chandra Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Telescopes ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Primordial Planets ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Primordial Soup ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

AbstractThe origin of life and the origin of the Universe are among the most important problems of science and they might be inextricably linked. Hydro-gravitational-dynamics cosmology predicts hydrogen–helium gas planets in clumps as the dark matter of galaxies, with millions of planets per star. This unexpected prediction is supported by quasar microlensing of a galaxy and a flood of new data from space telescopes. Supernovae from stellar over-accretion of planets produce the chemicals (C, N, O, P, etc.) and abundant liquid-water domains required for first life and the means for wide scattering of life prototypes. Life originated following the plasma-to-gas transition between 2 and 20 Myr after the big bang, while planetary core oceans were between critical and freezing temperatures, and interchanges of material between planets constituted essentially a cosmological primordial soup. Images from optical, radio and infrared space telescopes suggest life on Earth was neither first nor inevitable.

scholarly journals Physics Essay: Six Baseless and Irrational Problems in Modern Cosmology

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Zifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Hubble’S Law ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

<p class="1Body">Analyzes the Big Bang theory, recession of galaxies, Hubble's law, multi-dimensional space, curved space and black hole in modern cosmology and points out that these six theories are all baseless and irrational, contrary to classical science. Promotes the use of plain view of the universe - the materialist view of space–time-mass-energy to study the universe. The observations and understanding of the universe are very limited now. Cosmology should be realistic, not based on irrational models.</p>

scholarly journals The Big Bang, modern cosmology and the fate of the Universe: impacts upon culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Equal Capacity ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

AbstractCosmological discoveries over the past century have completely changed our picture of our place in the universe. New observations have a realistic chance of probing nature on heretofore unimaginable scales, and as a result are changing the nature of fundamental science. Perhaps no other domain of science has an equal capacity to completely change our perspective of the world in which we live.

scholarly journals Connecting early and late universe by f(R) gravity

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 1541002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Capozziello ◽  
Mariafelicia De Laurentis ◽  
Orlando Luongo
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Geometric Picture ◽  
The Universe

Inflation and dark energy are two of the most relevant aspects of modern cosmology. These different epochs provide the universe is passing through accelerated phases soon after the Big–Bang and at present stage of its evolution. In this review paper, we discuss that both eras can be, in principle, described by a geometric picture, under the standard of f(R) gravity. We give the fundamental physics motivations and outline the main ingredients of f(R) inflation, quintessence and cosmography. This wants to be a quick summary of f(R) paradigm without claiming of completeness.

scholarly journals The origin of the universe and nuclear synthesis

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
J. P. F. Sellschop
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Elementary Particle Physics ◽  
Nuclear Synthesis ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Nuclear Processes ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The origin of the universe and nuclear synthesis are discussed in this paper. The concept of the “Big Bang” is introduced in cosmology from observational evidence that the universe is expanding. The language of elementary particle physics is used to describe the evolution of the universe starting at a very small fraction of a second after the "Big Bang”. Various “Eras” are identified during which certain nuclear processes predominate. At a later stage the remarkable nuclear synthesis of carbon takes place, leading to the evolution of other elements. Neutrino measurements are important to validate physical theories in this field and some results of such measurements by the WITS-CSIR Schonland Research Centre are presented.

scholarly journals The Origin of the Universe: Big Bang to God Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Dastagiri M.B.
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
God Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Task ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The universe is full of mystical things. Since ages, the belief that God became the Universe is a theological doctrine that has been developed. Evolutionary biologists and Modern scientists still believes in Big Bang theory. Many thinkers, theologians, philosophers, and scientists are unable to confirm the exact process of the origin of the universe. Hence, this paper focuses on analyzing the history of theologians, mythologists, philosophers, cosmologists and scientists research evidences, insights, theories, and rationales to find out about the origin of the universe. The study uses metaanalysis of universe origin scriptures, research, insights, and bibliographies which was put forth by theologians, philosophers, cosmologists, and scientists. The study found that as per Bhagavad-Gita, God is the source of all spiritual, intellectual, and material world. In 1996, Pastor Bob Burridge of the Genevan Institute for Reformed Studies reveals that as per Christian theology, God becoming the universe is not accordant with it. In the 1940s, Charles Hartshorne identified pandeism as a possible model of God’s nature as God is capable of changing. In 2001, Scott Adams surmised that an omnipotent God annihilated himself in the Big Bang. This is considered as per mythologist’s world created from dead deity physical substances. All Catholic scientists reported that God’s light and love revealed his creation. Physicist Bernard Haisch in his book entitled “The God Theory” concluded that the deity became the universe. Alan Dawe's (2011) book titled “The God Franchise” concludes that human knowledge is a briefly separated piece of God’s skill. Raphael Lataster (2013), Australian religious studies Scholar, projected that "Pandeism is the future God-concept of all". There is a long list of Catholic scientists who in their quest for learning maintained God at the origin of all existence. Theology and mythology proofs are not conforming with both science and philosophy. The Evolving God concept is also a wrong idea of metaphysics. If it is so, man would have been found under developed state. Jafree Ozwald explains that based on human request, the universe is not able to fulfill it but God does. The universe is not God. God is God. The study concludes that God created the universe from nothing and He is yet to manifest Himself. God is a supernatural power and has a divine holy nature that is omnipresence, omnipotence, and omniscience. The study suggests that the sharing of knowledge, debate, discussions, and consensus based on their evidences and perceptions among theologists, philosophers, mythologists, and scientists on the universe origin is a future task.

scholarly journals Big Bang Theory based on Hubble’s constant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Robert J Buenker ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Constant Acceleration ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The experimental relations between the speeds of galaxies and their corresponding separations from the Earth are discussed in some detail. It is pointed out that Hubble’s Constant, which indicates that the speeds and separations have the same constant ratio for every known galaxy, can be combined with well-known relationships for objects under the influence of constant acceleration to give some concrete predictions of how these quantities vary with time. It is found according to this analysis that the acceleration of each galaxy is directly proportional to its speed, for example. This value is the net result of the continuous competition between gravitational forces and the inertial forces still operative since the Big Bang explosion. Its value is extremely small, equal to only 1.17x10-10 ft/s2 for the Hydra galaxy, for example, which moves at a speed of 38,000 mi/s. Most importantly, the indication is that is that the inertial forces are constantly winning out over the gravitational forces for each galaxy. The resulting equations also indicate that the speed of any galaxy varies in direct proportion to the time Δt which has elapsed since the origin of the universe (Big Bang explosion), while its distance from the Earth varies as the square of this elapsed time. On this basis, it is concluded that Hubble’s Constant itself varies in direct proportion to Δt and thus acts as a “clock of the universe.” More generally, the conclusion from this analysis is that the universe is open and continues to expand outward at an ever increasing rate

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