Intermolecular Interaction between Chlorpheniramine and 1-ethanol at Various Temperatures

Density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (U) of chlorpheniramine with 1-ethanol mixtures are measured in a range of temperatures 303K, 308K and 313K. By using the systematic measurements, various physico chemical quantities, adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), viscous relaxation time (τ) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) are attained. The deviations of those quantities to their ideal values are derived and revealed with the intermolecular interactions. The standard deviations and the coefficients of Redlich Kister polynomials of excess quantities are also determined to validate the calculations. From these observations, the existence of intermolecular interaction is confirmed and the strength of interactions with the temperatures as 303K>308K>313 K.

Valorization of Cocoa Husks: Pectin Recovery

Food processing by-products are usually cheap and abundant and can be source of valuable molecules of great interest to various industries like the pharmaceutical or the food ones. In this frame, the husks of roasted cocoa beans, that are a by-product of the cocoa processing industry, can constitute a source of pectin. The recovery process has been already defined at laboratory scale with boiling acid extraction (pH 2.5). This process is suitable to recover a quantity of pectin, expressed as anhydro-galacturonic acid (AGA), around 8 g AGA/100 g dry husks; this pectin is characterized by low degree of methylation (%DM around 31) and acetylation degree lower than 2%. In this paper the effects of some operative conditions on pectin quantity and quality were studied, in order to optimize the parameters that can make the process economically competitive: the in-excess quantities of solvents and operation time were reduced, without altering yield and pectin characteristics. In particular, the extract was concentrated by 13.3%, the ethanol for pectin precipitation was reduced (ratio extract to ethanol equal to 1:4), and it was also demonstrated that a single washing with 40% ethanol is sufficient to obtain a purified product.

The Evaluation of Sanitary-Epidemiological Service Conditions On a Submarine

Service on a submarine is the most stressful and psychologically challenging form of military service. It is characterised by specific living and sanitaryepidemiological conditions which are far from typical. This work is based on the analyses of reports formulated from research conducted by a working environment laboratory, and on the control protocols of the sanitary supervision and control team (WOMP) Gdynia, from the Kobben submersible vessels in the years 2014 and 2015. Military Centres of Preventive Medicine hold supervision over Military Units pursuant to generally applicable regulations in the civil environment and standardised NATO norms. Measurements concern the level of noise, mechanical vibrations, chemical agents, electromagnetic radiation, physiochemical and biological water and kitchenware tests. The objective of the research is to evaluate the service conditions on a submersible vessel with regard to sanitary-epidemiological aspects such as exposure to infectious and occupational diseases. In selected stations, the conducted measurements indicate an increased level of noise, electromagnetic radiation and excess quantities of bacteria colonies on kitchenware.