scholarly journals Evolution of Legislation and Crimes Based on Sexual Identity or Orientation in Spain: A Retrospective Observational Study (2011–2021)

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 859
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Azcona ◽  
Amada Pellico-López ◽  
Jimena B. Manjón-Rodríguez ◽  
Mar Sánchez Movellán ◽  
Purificación Ajo Bolado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Average Change ◽  
Regulatory Development

Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011–2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.

Hate Crimes and Race-Based Trauma on Latinx Populations: A Critical Review of the Current Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483802097968
Author(s):  
Sarah Lockwood ◽  
Carlos A. Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Trauma Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Do So

Traditionally, the literature has sought to understand the impact of racial minority status and trauma as it relates to interpersonal violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault. What has not been as extensively reviewed and summarized is how racially or ethnically motivated hate crimes impact the mental health of minorities—particularly Latinx/Hispanic groups. This review aims to summarize the current body of literature on the intersection of race-motivated hate crime and trauma responses within Latinx community. To do so, the theoretical foundation for this inquiry will build from a race-based trauma perspective. Specifically, this review connects existing frameworks for race and trauma and integrates literature that examines Latinx or Hispanic populations that have experienced discrimination, bias, or hate crime as a result of their identity or perceived identity. The importance of situating bias or hate events within the trauma literature stems from a lack of overall formal evaluation of these events, and how these occurrences are historically overlooked as a traumatic stressor. The findings of this review suggest that (1) experiencing racially motivated victimization can cause adverse mental and physical health outcomes in Latinxs and (2) currently, there is only one study that has examined the impact of hate crime on Latinxs in the United States. This leaves the field with unanswered questions about the impact of hate crime victimization among Latinxs, which is an ever-growing area in need of attention.

Hate Crime Victimization Data in Pennsylvania: A Useful Complement to the Uniform Crime Reports

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barry Ruback ◽  
Andrew S. Gladfelter ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Uniform Crime Reports ◽  
Crime Reports

Data on the incidence and prevalence of hate crimes in the United States come primarily from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Although UCR data undercount most crimes, hate crimes are particularly underreported, especially for some groups. We compare 2000–2011 UCR data in Pennsylvania to data from a state agency that came from police, media, and citizen reports. First, we find that the state-agency database is generally consistent with the UCR data, in terms of absolute counts, correlations, and predictors. Second, we find that UCR data underestimate hate crime rates by a factor of about 1.6 overall and by a factor of 2.5 for rural areas. Moreover, although UCR data on hate crimes show a decrease in the most recent 5-year period, the state agency data show that hate crime incident counts have not dropped. We suggest that using a broader index that includes both the UCR and a database like that in Pennsylvania will give a more complete picture of hate crime.

Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.

Racial Disparities in Hate Crime Reporting

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Zaykowski
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
National Crime Victimization Survey ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Victimization Survey ◽  
Police Data

This study examines the influence of the victim’s race in reporting hate crimes to the police. Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) concentrated incident-level files (1992–2005) were used to (a) analyze how the victim’s race influences the likelihood of reporting and (b) explore differences between reporting racial hate crimes and non-racial hate crimes. Controlling for other demographic and incident characteristics, the results indicate that minority victimizations are less likely to be reported for both racial and non-racial hate crimes; however, the magnitude of this effect was greater for racial hate crimes. Failure to report to the police has serious consequences for the victim and the criminal justice system. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Hate Crime Victimization and Weapon Use

2020 ◽  
pp. 009385482098384
Author(s):  
Zachary T. Malcom ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Bias Crime ◽  
Bias Crimes ◽  
Weapon Use ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Prior research has suggested that hate crimes hurt more, in that they are more physically severe than other crimes. A separate body of research has focused on the role of weapons in exacerbating violence; yet, no research has considered the role of weapon use in bias crime victimization. Following this, this research examines the relationship between weapon use, bias motivation, and victimization in the United States. On one hand, weapons may play an important role in hate crime by exacerbating violence. On the other hand, weapons may be unnecessary for facilitating hate crime violence, given the animus associated with bias motivation. Using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, we find that bias crimes are both (a) less likely than nonbias crimes to involve weapons and (b) more likely than nonbias crimes to involve serious or lethal victim injury. These patterns are particularly pronounced for antisexual orientation hate crimes.

Reporting Racist Hate Crime Victimization to the Police in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Cross-National Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1034-1055
Author(s):  
Wesley Myers ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Victim Reporting ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Hate is a global phenomenon as evidenced by recent increases in hate crimes in both the United States and the United Kingdom; unfortunately, these crimes are also substantially underreported in both nations. Following this, this research presents an examination of racially motivated hate crimes and victim reporting to the police in both nations using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and the Crime Survey of England and Wales from 2003 to 2015. Results indicate that, overall, victim reporting has been increasing in the United Kingdom and decreasing in the United States. Disaggregating by victim and offender race, however, reveals divergent trends such that anti-black hate crime victim reporting is increasing in the United States and decreasing in the United Kingdom. Policy and research implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Are Asian Victims Less Likely to Report Hate Crime Victimization to the Police? Implications for Research and Policy in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110415
Author(s):  
Brendan Lantz ◽  
Marin R. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Crime Statistics ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Official Crime ◽  
Research And Policy

Anti-Asian hate crimes have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, no research has considered whether crime reporting patterns are different among Asian hate crime victims, relative to other victims. Following this, this research presents an examination of differences in reporting victimization to the police between Asian and non-Asian victims using information from 997 respondents who experienced a hate crime in the first 1 to 2 months of the pandemic. Results indicate that Asian victims are significantly and substantially less likely to report victimization to the police than other victims. Taken together, these results suggest that current estimates of increases in anti-Asian hate crime based on official crime statistics—although high—may actually be an under-estimation of the true extent of the problem.

Understanding Characteristics of Victims and Perpetrators of Anti-LGBT Hate Crimes in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Coston
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
National Crime Victimization Survey ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Using Data

This article examines the effects of victim and perpetrator characteristics on the seriousness of anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) and anti-transgender (T) hate crime incidents, as there are limited and contradictory findings regarding characteristics that contribute to anti-LGB(T) hate crimes. This analysis uses a series of χ2 tests to examine the importance of these characteristics using data from the 2003–2013 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and a partial proportional odds model for data from the 2012 Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Hate Crime Data to examine differences in seriousness among LGB and T victims. This study finds that victim characteristics may not impact victimization in the ways suggested by previous studies. Additionally, the importance of offender race is largely impacted by whether the data are self-report data or police data.

scholarly journals Anmälningsbenägenhet vid utsatthet för hatbrott

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Andersson ◽  
Caroline Mellgren
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Alternative Solutions

The tendency to report hate crime victimizationThere are indicators suggesting that the tendency to report hate crime victimization to the police is lower in comparison to crimes without such a motive. There are also reasons to believe that victims of hate crime base their cost-benefit analysis of whether to report on a unique set of factors that differ from other crime types. The present study compares report rates for hate crimes and crimes without a bias-motive among Swedish university students. Reasons from refraining from reporting are also examined though a thematic analysis. The results show that victims of hate crime report their victimization to a significantly lower extent than other victims. Those who refrain from reporting trivialize and normalize their experiences, find alternative solutions to handle their victimization, and/or have a low trust in the police

Hemmkörperentwicklung bei Hämophilie-Patienten nach Präparate wechsel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S39-S42 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kocher ◽  
G. Asmelash ◽  
V. Makki ◽  
S. Müller ◽  
S. Krekeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryThe retrospective observational study surveys the relationship between development of inhibitors in the treatment of haemophilia patients and risk factors such as changing FVIII products. A total of 119 patients were included in this study, 198 changes of FVIII products were evaluated. Results: During the observation period of 12 months none of the patients developed an inhibitor, which was temporally associated with a change of FVIII products. A frequent change of FVIII products didn’t lead to an increase in inhibitor risk. The change between plasmatic and recombinant preparations could not be confirmed as a risk factor. Furthermore, no correlation between treatment regimens, severity, patient age and comorbidities of the patients could be found.

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