What's Really New about the Neoliberal University? The Business of American Education Has Always Been Business

Journalists, academics, and ordinary Americans wrongly bemoan the student debt and college financing crises as two separate unhappy endings to a mythical story of unprecedented postwar federal and state support for higher education. Rarely have they considered that either catastrophe has anything to do with the labor question. Yet the thousands of Americans in debt and the many colleges facing bankruptcy (even before the pandemic) are intertwined disasters, which reveal that Americans never had genuine economic security or basic social welfare, a basic truth that has historically hurt and still overwhelmingly harms residents of color, particularly women, who disproportionately hold the most debt. Colleges and universities have always had to rely on tuition and business support because they never received adequate sustained funding from lawmakers, who had far more interest in offering young people and their families ways to creatively finance tuition in order to get the credentials needed to just compete for well-paying work. Business needs and demands did a lot to shape postsecondary schools before the emergency of the neoliberal university, supposedly a late twentieth-century phenomenon. As such, seemingly radical solutions, like forgiving debts and unionizing adjuncts, are not enough to transform universities into the progressive strongholds that they never really were. Lawmakers, taxpayers, and faculty would have to embrace a complete overhaul of how higher education is funded as well as how students are assisted in studying.

Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia

The Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia is a comprehensive, authoritative and practical guide to the whole field of anaesthetic practice. It encompasses all ages, from neonates to the elderly, and all surgical specialties including cardiac surgery, interventional radiology and weight-reduction surgery. Local, regional and neuraxial techniques are described, including ultrasound guidance. The entire patient journey is covered, from pre-operative assessment and investigation, through informed consent and intraoperative care, to post-operative analgesia. There are substantial sections dealing with acute pain and the management of intra-operative emergencies. A brief drug formulary is provided. The fifth edition is a complete overhaul of the layout and content of the previous edition, with significant new content added.

On Epistemic Justice

The paper deals with the concept of epistemic justice and analyses two types of epistemic injustice - testimonial and hermeneutical. The latter is given priority due to the fact that any individual inteгaction involves an individual as а member of а certain social group or community. This requires а study into collective epistemic attitudes, first of all - collective prejudices which Ыосk epistemic resources required for understanding and discussing personal and collective experience. The paper also looks into two related topics - the proЬlem of expertise and the phenomenon of post-truth. S. Fuller's charitaЫe interpretation of post-truth helps to show that this approach can solve the main proЬlem of epistemic justice - that of unequal epistemic status of knowers. However, the price of such levelling-down is too high and would require а complete overhaul of the expertise system.

Eco-efficiency of system alternatives of the urban water-energy-waste nexus

Wastewater systems in developed cities contribute significantly to public health. The related systems are energy and resource intensive and do not recover nutrients in an efficient and effective way. Separating wastewater to greywater and blackwater at the source and exploiting organic municipal solid waste as an additional feed to an adjunct biogas plant could support efforts to make use of the potentials to reduce the environmental impacts, to increase the energy efficiency of winning nutrients, and to implement an additional, locally available energy source. However, the implementation of such systems is seen as expensive.The overarching aim of the paper is to analyze the eco-efficiency of transforming the current separately organized wastewater-energy-waste systems to an integrated one. The study differs between three system alternatives. The least invasive system change assumes a separation of wastewater at the source without a complete overhaul of the current system; the most elaborated one takes the current wastewater system fully out of operation. The reference for the current system is the existing system of a German medium-sized urban neighborhood. The analysis considers the eco-efficiency of two resource-related (fossil and metal depletion) and three emissions-related (climate change, photochemical oxidant formation and terrestrial acidification) impacts.Under the conditions of the settlement investigated, a transformation to the system alternatives will generate in all cases a weak eco-efficiency, i.e. the higher costs of implementing a new system counteracts with the noteworthy environmental improvement. Of the three options, the most elaborated one sees the best performance.

On Threats to the 5G Service Based Architecture

The 3GPP-based 5G System marks a clear departure form the previous generations. There is a new radio system and a complete overhaul of the core network design. The core network is redesigned both on the control plane parts and the transport plane. The control plane signalling within the core network is now largely based on the service based architecture (SBA) design, featuring Web-based technologies and the associated security solutions. In this paper we conduct a preliminary generic survey of threats to the SBA.

A full public debt restructuring overhaul is unlikely

Significance The stock of EM debt has multiplied since 2000, accompanied by legal difficulties for borrowers falling into distress. Some economists are calling for a complete overhaul of the system to handle sovereign debt crises, including the creation of an independent international organisation to manage it. Impacts By eroding tax bases and raising domestic and external debt repayment costs, COVID-19 will have a lasting impact on EM output. Together with collapsing exports, the fiscal blow from the crisis could trigger a wave of distressed governments to default on their debts. EM’s limited recourse to fiscal and monetary expansion could result in a lost decade for hundreds of millions of already poor people.

The Origin of Arbitration Law in South Africa

This article seeks to trace the historical origin of arbitration as it is currently practised in South Africa. The resort to alternative dispute resolution methods has existed since time immemorial. The practice of arbitration was identified in the Bible when it was practised by King Solomon. South African traditional communities practised arbitration before the arrival of Western nations in South Africa, who brought with them their norms and practices. The community entrusted the responsibility of resolving disputes amicably to the headman, the Chief or the King. The practice of traditional alternative disputes resolution was disrupted by colonialism, which introduced Roman-Dutch law and subsequently English law influences. The aim of the parties under both Roman-Dutch law and English law was to steer their disputes away from courtrooms with their rigid rules and procedures. Hence the resort to arbitration. Through the passage of time, the parties lost respect for arbitration. Judicial intervention became a necessary tool to enforce the agreement to arbitrate or the subsequent award. A concern was raised in some quarters regarding the South African arbitration legislation that stagnated in 1965 when it was enacted. The sophisticated legal system and the impartial and independent judiciary, provided a strong support to arbitration and its autonomy. The firm judicial support did not detract from the necessity for a complete overhaul of the arbitration prescript, which might position South Africa as the hub of commercial arbitration in Africa and globally. The enactment of the International Arbitration Act, 2017 marked a great milestone towards achieving that goal. Arbitration is embedded in the fabric of South African commercial dispute resolution.

KLIFS: an overhaul after the first 5 years of supporting kinase research

Kinases are a prime target of drug development efforts with >60 drug approvals in the past two decades. Due to the research into this protein family, a wealth of data has been accumulated that keeps on growing. KLIFS—Kinase–Ligand Interaction Fingerprints and Structures—is a structural database focusing on how kinase inhibitors interact with their targets. The aim of KLIFS is to support (structure-based) kinase research through the systematic collection, annotation, and processing of kinase structures. Now, 5 years after releasing the initial KLIFS website, the database has undergone a complete overhaul with a new website, new logo, and new functionalities. In this article, we start by looking back at how KLIFS has been used by the research community, followed by a description of the renewed KLIFS, and conclude with showcasing the functionalities of KLIFS. Major changes include the integration of approved drugs and inhibitors in clinical trials, extension of the coverage to atypical kinases, and a RESTful API for programmatic access. KLIFS is available at the new domain https://klifs.net.

Linguistic diversity and the court system in Dualist Hungary

Dualist Hungary (1867–1918) was the linguistically most diverse would-be nation-state in the long nineteenth century, with less than half of its citizens speaking Hungarian as their home language and more than two-fifths being ignorant of it. The Nationalities Act of 1868 accommodated the language of court proceedings to that of the parties, but these provisions remained in effect for no more than a couple of years before a complete overhaul of the court system. Minority nationalist activists were vocal in their attacks against the sidelining of their languages, and the issue came to a head in much the same terms when policy-makers debated the introduction of the jury. In the 1890s, with jury trials introduced and oral proceedings expanded in civil litigation, the government could not postpone the appointment of court interpreters any longer. Interpreting fees were set too high for the average non-Magyar citizen, which, together with a few other predicaments, was likely to bring home to them their second-class status. At the same time, top officials were anxious about the concessions that lower courts, which were for the most part left to muddle through without translators, had to make to non-dominant languages.

SNPnexus: a web server for functional annotation of human genome sequence variation (2020 update)

SNPnexus is a web-based annotation tool for the analysis and interpretation of both known and novel sequencing variations. Since its last release, SNPnexus has received continual updates to expand the range and depth of annotations provided. SNPnexus has undergone a complete overhaul of the underlying infrastructure to accommodate faster computational times. The scope for data annotation has been substantially expanded to enhance biological interpretations of queried variants. This includes the addition of pathway analysis for the identification of enriched biological pathways and molecular processes. We have further expanded the range of user directed annotation fields available for the study of cancer sequencing data. These new additions facilitate investigations into cancer driver variants and targetable molecular alterations within input datasets. New user directed filtering options have been coupled with the addition of interactive graphical and visualization tools. These improvements streamline the analysis of variants derived from large sequencing datasets for the identification of biologically and clinically significant subsets in the data. SNPnexus is the most comprehensible web-based application currently available and these new set of updates ensures that it remains a state-of-the-art tool for researchers. SNPnexus is freely available at https://www.snp-nexus.org.