Effect of short-term fasting on the expression of ACTH (cMC2) receptor in the adrenal glands of chicken (Gallus domesticus)

<b>Domestic hen is a full model in terms of stress and adrenal function. The main hormone produced by the hens’ adrenals is corticosterone, synthesized and secreted by stimulating the HPA axis during stress. Direct activation of adrenal activity is conditioned by ACTH, which binds to the melanocortin receptor cMC2 in adrenals. It stimulates the synthesis and release of corticosterone. One of the factors that stimulate the HPA axis activity is the starvation, to which the hen is very sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the ACTH receptor cMC2 expression in the hens’ adrenals during the short-term fasting and after restoring the proper level of nutrition (refeeding). The results of the experiment show that 24-hour of food deprivation is stressful for the hen, as indicated by increased concentrations of corticosterone in the adrenals and in blood plasma. Changes in cMC2R expression and level of corticosterone in the adrenals during fasting and refeeding indicate a rapid increase of HPA axis activity in response to differentiated levels of nutrition. The results of this experiment confirm the direct effect of ACTH on the avian adrenals in corticosterone release.

Semantic and Linguo-Cultural Analysis of Synonymic Set for Caress

The semantic and Lingo-cultural analysis of the synonymic et for cares is discussed in the article. Georgian and English synonymic dictionaries are used as an analytic source. Studying synonyms has quite a long history. Linguistic observation of such items in different systematic languages is very interesting. We consider the difference which exists in the Georgian and English languages as structural-semantic, as well as lingu-cultural point of views. Synonyms are the part of lexical-semantic system of a language and the main point is shown in their absolute or partial coincidence. Their study allows us to have the access to a huge reserve depictive means of a language and gives us the opportunity to show them in a methodological way, which is “very crucial for learning our mother tongue as well as a foreign language”(Jorjaneli. K. 2006:6).While making a linguo-cultural analysis, the focus is mainly point on the question of what this notion means in different languages, what does it imply to, how is it expressed by; how does one language differ from another based on their linguistic portraits.As the observation on synonyms has revealed, the usage of substantial adjectives and zoonyms in the caress-endearment speech is universal for these two languages. Of course, individual words aso participate, which is the result of the linguo-cultural characteristics of each language. For example, addressing words like the following ones are very specific in English : Sweetie-pie( a sweet patty), bantam( bantam is associated with the breed of a little domestic hen), minuscule ( this is one of script varieties. It is used while showing an affection as a sign of something very little, insignificant), and in Georgian we can find - შენი ჭკუისა! ( Sheni chkuisa) მიტირე (mitire) / მტლად დაგედე (mtlad gadagede) / ჭირი მოგჭამე(chiri mogchame) / ჭირი მოგპარე (chiri mogpare) and so on.

Effect of an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on the blood picture of one-day-old domestic hen chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields emitted mainly by mobile telephony has been steadily increasing with the development of modern technology. Haematological indices are among the most common indicators of the body’s physiological status. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emission on the blood picture of one-day-old domestic hen chicks. During the experiment, chick embryos were exposed to artificial electromagnetic fields throughout incubation for 13 ´ 2 min/day, 4 ´ 10 min/day and 1 ´ 40 min/day. After hatching, blood was collected from 10 one-day-old chicks from each group to determine: red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and leukocyte differential count. In addition, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The present study is probably the first to show an increase in the red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, white blood cell count, segmented heterophils and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage of embryos exposed to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. The observed changes may be indicative of the stress-inducing effect of EMF on living organisms.