Pengaruh faktor lingkungan terhadap pertumbuhan beberapa aksesi Dioscorea alata L terpilih koleksi kebun raya purwodadi

Uwi (Dioscorea alata L.) merupakan jenis tanaman umbi-umbian berpotensi nutrisi. Namun pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan pangan alternatif masih jarang, karena keterbatasan informasi potensi nutrisi dan sistem budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan uwi. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan percobaan di Kabupaten Pasuruan, pada tujuh aksesi yang dipilih berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya, yaitu aksesi nomor 28, 36, dan 86 (Pasuruan), 42 dan 43 (Nganjuk), 57 dan 66 (Malang). Parameter lingkungan yang diamati meliputi suhu udara, kelembaban udara, intensitas cahaya, pH tanah, kelembaban tanah, jumlah dan jenis gulma. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan statistik dengan uji Biplot menggunakan software Past 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas cahaya dan jumlah jenis gulma merupakan faktor lingkungan yang paling berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan tanaman uwi. Terdapat tiga grup aksesi tanaman uwi berdasarkan perbedaan faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhannya. Aksesi 42, 43 dan 57 dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan kelembaban udara, aksesi 28, 36 dan 66 dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya dan aksesi 86 dipengaruhi oleh pH tanah. Analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar gulma yang tumbuh merupakan tanaman invasif yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman komoditas. Aksesi nomor 42, 43 dan 57 direkomendasikan untuk dibudidayakan di lahan sub optimal dengan kondisi pH asam dan minim air.AbstractWater yam (Dioscorea alataL.) is one of the tubers potentially as nutrition source. However, its utilization as the source of food alternative is still rare causes by limited information about its nutritional content and cultivation. The research aimed to determine the environmental factors effects the growth of water yam. The study was conducted in the trial site at Pasuruan with seven selected accessions of water yam based on previous research i.e. accessions number 28, 36 and 86 (Pasuruan), 42 and 43 (Nganjuk), 57 and 66 (Malang). The observed environmental parameters were the number and type of weeds, temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil pH, and soil moisture. The observations were descriptive and statistically analyzed using Biplot test with Past 3 software. The results showed that the light intensity and the number of weed species are the environmental factors that have the most affected on the growth of water yam plants. Accessions 28, 36 and 66 are affected by light intensity, accession 86 is affected by soil pH, and accessions 42, 43 and 57 are affected by air temperature and humidity. Most of the weeds grown in the study area are invasive species, which affect the growth of cultivated crops, so weeding is needed. Accession number 42, 43 and 57 adaptively grow in sub-optimum land with acidic pH conditions and minimum water capacity.

Peptidoglycan Salvage Enables the Periodontal Pathogen Tannerella forsythia to Survive within the Oral Microbial Community

<i>Tannerella forsythia</i> is an anaerobic, fusiform Gram-negative oral pathogen strongly associated with periodontitis, a multibacterial inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the teeth-supporting tissue, ultimately causing tooth loss. To survive in the oral habitat, <i>T. forsythia</i> depends on cohabiting bacteria for the provision of nutrients. For axenic growth under laboratory conditions, it specifically relies on the external supply of <i>N</i>-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), which is an essential constituent of the peptidoglycan (PGN) of bacterial cell walls. <i>T. forsythia</i> comprises a typical Gram-negative PGN; however, as evidenced by genome sequence analysis, the organism lacks common enzymes required for the <i>de novo</i> synthesis of precursors of PGN, which rationalizes its MurNAc auxotrophy. Only recently insights were obtained into how <i>T. forsythia</i> gains access to MurNAc in its oral habitat, enabling synthesis of the own PGN cell wall. This report summarizes <i>T. forsythia</i>’s strategies to survive in the oral habitat by means of PGN salvage pathways, including recovery of exogenous MurNAc and PGN-derived fragments but also polymeric PGN, which are all derived from cohabiting bacteria either via cell wall turnover or decay of cells. Salvage of polymeric PGN presumably requires the removal of peptides from PGN by an unknown amidase, concomitantly with the translocation of the polymer across the outer membrane. Two recently identified exo-lytic <i>N</i>-acetylmuramidases (Tf_NamZ1 and Tf_NamZ2) specifically cleave the peptide-free, exogenous (nutrition source) PGN in the periplasm and release the MurNAc and disaccharide substrates for the transporters Tf_MurT and Tf_AmpG, respectively, whereas the peptide-containing, endogenous (the self-cell wall) PGN stays unattached. This review also outlines how <i>T. forsythia</i> synthesises the PGN precursors UDP-MurNAc and UDP-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), involving homologs of the <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. recycling enzymes AmgK/MurU and a monofunctional uridylyl transferase (named Tf_GlmU*), respectively.

Differences in Sensorimotor Development Among U.S. Infants Receiving Breastmilk and/or Formula in the First 6-Months From the PediaTrac™ Project

Objectives Achieving sensorimotor (SEM) milestones is one measure of early infant brain development promoted through higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. Both breastmilk and formula contain DHA, with a global level of 0.32% in breastmilk and many formula brands. However, a 2017 study of Midwestern U.S. mothers found significantly lower breastmilk DHA levels. It was thus hypothesized that infants fed formula would have higher SEM scores. The objective of this study was to measure differences in SEM development between infants fed breastmilk, formula, or a combination in participants of the PediaTrac™ Project. PediaTrac is a web-based measure providing longitudinal, real time, multidomain data on infant and toddler growth and development at time periods corresponding to well child visits. Methods Using PediaTrac, data were collected from 548 caregiver-infant dyads across multiple Midwestern sites. Caregivers reported the primary nutrition source as breastfeeding, formula or combination. Their responses to gross and fine motor function questions were used to create a SEM composite, Percent of Maximum Possible (POMP) score at newborn (NB), 2-, 4- and 6-months. Data were analyzed via ANOVA and Tukey test using SPSS. Results Infants fed formula had statistically higher mean SEM scores at NB (M = 0.618Formula, M = 0.590Breast, p = 0.017), 2- (M = 0.706Formula, M = 0.680Breast, p = 0.006) and 6-months (M = 0.727Formula, M = 0.696Breast, p = 0.014) compared to breastfed infants. Mean SEM scores of combination fed infants were higher than breastfed infants at 2- (M = 0.701Combination, M = 0.680Breast, p = 0.184), 4- (M = 0.684Combination, M = 0.673Breast, p = 0.573) and 6-months (M = 0.704Combination, M = 0.696Breast, p = 0.895), despite no significant differences between scores. Conclusions Formula fed infants showed consistently higher SEM scores than breastfed infants in the first 6-months. These findings contradict previous research, indicating a need for further investigation into variables contributing to these discrepancies such as maternal breastmilk DHA concentrations, socioeconomic factors, site specific confounds, accuracy of parent reports of motor development, etc. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. EMU College of Health & Human Services Research Support Award.

Growth and Survival of Satellite Glial Cells in Different Culture Supplementations

Background: In dorsal root ganglion (DRG), satellite glial cells (SGCs) tightly surrounded neurons and modulated microenvironment and sensory transmission. However, the biological properties of primary SGCs in culture were not fully understood. In the present study, we provided a method to harvest abundant and high-purity SGCs from neonatal rats. Three supplementations containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/F12, DMEM high glucose (HG) and Neurobasal-A (NB) were used to evaluate SGCs growth and survival in culture. Results: CCK-8 proliferation assay showed the increased proliferation in DMEM/F12 and DMEM/HG, but not in NB medium. NB medium caused cell death indicated by Bax, AnnexinV and PI staining. Glutamine was the major nutrition source for SGCs in culture and its exogenous application improved the poor proliferation and severe cell death in NB medium. SGCs markers GS and GFAP were similar in three supplementations and intensively expressed in culture. Differently, GS but not GFAP was remarkable in the intact DRG under normal condition. Conclusions: These results suggested that SGCs growth in culture depended on time and culture supplementation and DMEM/F12 medium was recommended to get high-purity SGCs. Glutamine was the major nutrition and the key molecule to maintain cell growth and survival in culture. Our study shed a new light on understanding the biological property and modulation of glial cells in the peripheral sensory ganglia.

Determination of Proximate Composition of Malaysian Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas)

This study was conducted to investigate proximate content of horseshoe crab (Tachypleusgigas) in Malaysia. To date, there has been little agreement on what the nutrition value of horseshoe crab is and how it will benefit the consumers. The samples were divided by two parts, which are roe and muscle. The Tachypleusgigas was cleaned of foreign materials and impurities manually by human hand. The samples were ground into flour and sieved through 50 μm sieve and were packaged in airtight plastic bags prior to analyses. The horseshoe crab was analyzed for its proximate composition of different body parts. The results showed that the roe and muscle of Tachypleusgigas contained moisture (50.45 % and 73.67 %), ash (0.41 % and 2.72 %), crude proteins (38.24 % and 14.62 %), crude fats (9.30 % and 8.09 %), carbohydrates (1.67 % and 0.91 %) and energy (241.42 Kcal/100 g and 134.43 Kcal/100 g), respectively. This shows that roe has better nutrition content since it has higher protein, fat and carbohydrate content, which are the main energy-providing nutrient. Overall, the proximate content of Tachypleusgigas was nearer to the shellfish rather than the finfish and can be considered as a good nutrition source.

A Comparison of the In Vitro Effects of 2’Fucosyllactose and Lactose on the Composition and Activity of Gut Microbiota from Infants and Toddlers

Because of the recognized health benefits of breast milk, it is recommended as the sole nutrition source during the first 6 months of life. Among the bioactive components are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that exert part of their activity via the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the gut microbiota fermentation of HMO 2’fucosyllactose (2’-FL), using two in vitro models (48 h fecal incubations and the long-term mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem [M-SHIME®]) with fecal samples from 3-month-old breastfed (BF) infants as well as 2–3 year old toddlers. The short-term model allowed the screening of five donors for each group and provided supportive data for the M-SHIME® study. A key finding was the strong and immediate increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae following 2’-FL fermentation by both the BF infant and toddler microbiota in the M-SHIME®. At the metabolic level, while decreasing branched-chain fatty acids, 2’-FL strongly increased acetate production together with increases in the health-related propionate and butyrate whilst gas production only mildly increased. Notably, consistently lower gas production was observed with 2’-FL fermentation as compared to lactose, suggesting that reduced discomfort during the dynamic microbiome establishment in early life may be an advantage along with the bifidogenic effect observed.

Efficiency of application of the microbiological method of waste water treatment to remove hexamethylendiamine

Wastewater contaminated with hexamethylenediamine (HMD), which is discharged into natural reservoirs, causes damage and loss of hydrobionts, worsens the quality of water which becomes unsuitable for use. For wastewater treatment from HMD, the possibility of applying bacterial cultures-destructors which use the HMD as a nutrition source is considered.