Designing a Planar Fluxgate Using the PCB Technology

The development of novel methods, scientific devices and means for measuring magnetic fields generated by ultra-low current is among promising directions in the development of medical equipment and instruments for geodetic surveys and space exploration. The present work is to develop a small sensor capable of detecting weak magnetic fields, which sources are biocurrents, radiation of far space objects and slight fluctuations of the geomagnetic field. Scientists estimate the strength of such magnetic fields as deciles of nanotesla. The key requirements for the sensors of ultra-low magnetic field are: resolution, noise level in the measurement channel, temperature stability, linearity and repeatability of the characteristics from one produced item to another. The aforementioned characteristics can be achieved by using planar technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in such advanced sensors.The work describes a complete R&D cycle, from creating the computer model of the sensor under study to manufacturing of a working prototype. To assess the effect of the geometry and material properties, the Jiles–Atherton model is implemented which, unlike the majority of the models used, allows considering the non-linearity of the core, its hysteresis properties and influence of residual magnetization.The dimensions of the developed sensor are 40×20×5 mm, while the technology allows its further diminishment. The sensor has demonstrated the linearity of its properties in the range of magnetic field strength from 0.1 nT to 50 µT for a rms current of excitation of 1.25 mA at a frequency of 30 kHz. The average sensitivity for the second harmonic is 54 µV/nT.

Improvement of the minimum detectable activity of a free release monitor for small articles

This paper presents results of the development of a small-sized free release monitor designed for the release of materials, various hand tools, equipment and instruments of nuclear enterprises and laboratories staff that weight up to 50 kg, from radiation control. To increase the registration sensitivity of controlled radionuclides, 12 scintillation units based on a 3"x3" sized NaI (Tl) crystal were used as gamma-radiation detector. Volume of the measuring chamber of the monitor amounted to 200 liters, the thickness of the low-background shielding was chosen 50 mm. The values of the minimum detectable activity of the designed monitor for the point sources 123I, 131I, 99mTc, 18F were better than 100 Bq with measurement time not exceeding 60 s.

Imitation as an Activity and Research Method

Introduction. In the 21st century the phenomenon of imitation associated with the formal reproduction of operations and procedures is gaining popularity in many countries, including Russia, and requires a socio-philosophical analysis and interpretation. Imitation manifests itself in politics, economics, science, education, replacing the real activities of individuals, social groups, political structures with a fake form of activity, thereby representing a social danger to development. Research Methods. In the process of the study, dialectical-materialistic, synergetic methods were used, which made it possible to draw objective, scientifically-based conclusions about the possibility and necessity of overcoming the negative consequences of imitative influences in education, healthcare and science. A systematic approach and a comprehensive assessment of the processes under study makes it possible to reveal the contradictory nature of simulation manipulations. The Results. The finding of the study indicate that the imitation of public administration leads to the loss of high prestige of the state as a leading social institution for regulating socio-economic processes in society, and a decline in the authority of the ruling elite. In the minds of the masses of people there are doubts about the ability of the “top” to systematically manage the development of society. Discussion and Conclusion. The expected effect of a critical analysis of the manifestations of imitation in public administration, healthcare, science, and education is the desire of state structures, party organizations to overcome the negative consequences of imitation manifestations. In the field of science, there is an urgent need to regulate the transparency of financial flows, all decision-making procedures, upgrade equipment and instruments, radically increase salaries in order to attract young people to scientific research, to raise the prestige of science.

Analytical solutions for unsteady forced convection pulsating flow in a microchannel in the presence of EDL effects

A forced convection flow driven in a microchannel by an applied pressure gradient that fluctuates with small amplitude harmonically in time in the presence of electrical double layer effects is investigated. An analytical expression for the electrostatic potential is obtained via Poisson’s equation. Based on this solution, we further obtain analytical solutions for velocity and temperature for both the cases Pr ≠ 1 and Pr = 1. Results show that they match each other as Pr → 1− and Pr → 1+. The explicit expression of the transient Nusselt number is derived. We notice that the Debye–Hückel parameter γ and the angular velocity Ω are key factors for flow behaviours. Our proposed study adds some new insights by including the time-dependent pressure term that is usually overlooked in previous works. It is expected that this work could help to understand the transportal mechanisms of forced convection flow in microfluidic equipment and instruments.

Assessment of Temporary Medical Clinics During the Arbaeenia Mass Gathering at Al-Karkh, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2014: Cross-Sectional Study

Background During mass gatherings, public health services and other medical services should be planned to protect attendees and people living around the venue to minimize the risk of disease transmission. These services are essential components of adequate planning for mass gatherings. The Arbaeenia mass gathering signifies the remembrance of the death of Imam Hussain, celebrated by Shiite Muslims, and takes place in Karbala, which is a city in southern Iraq. This annual mass gathering is attended by millions of people from within and outside Iraq. Objective This study aimed to map the availability of medical supplies, equipment, and instruments and the health workforce at the temporary clinics located in Al-Karkh, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2014. Methods This assessment was conducted on the temporary clinics that served the masses walking from Baghdad to Karbala. These clinics were set up by governmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and some faith-based civil society organizations, locally known as mawakib. We developed a checklist to collect information on clinic location, affiliation, availability of safe water and electricity, health personnel, availability of basic medical equipment and instruments, drugs and other supplies, and average daily number of patients seen by the clinic. Results A total of 30 temporary clinics were assessed: 18 clinics were set up by the Ministry of Health of Iraq and 12 by other governmental organizations and NGOs. The clinics were staffed by a total of 44 health care workers. The health workers served 16,205 persons per day, an average of 540 persons per clinic, and 368 persons per health care worker per day. The majority of clinics (63% [19/30]-100% [30/30]) had basic medical diagnostic equipment. Almost all clinics had symptom relief medications (87% [26/30]-100% [30/30]). Drugs for diabetes and hypertension were available in almost half of the clinics. The majority of clinics had personal hygiene supplies and environmental sanitation detergents (78%-90%), and approximately half of the clinics had medical waste disposal supplies. Instruments for cleansing and dressing wounds and injuries were available in almost all clinics (97%), but only 4 clinics had surgical sterilization instruments. Conclusions Although temporary clinics were relatively equipped with basic medical supplies, equipment, and instruments for personal medical services, the health workforce was insufficient, given the number of individuals seeking care, and only limited public health service, personal infection control, and supplies were available at the clinics.

Изменениеζ-потенциалаводнойсредывультразвуковомполе

На границе адсорбционного слоя мицеллы возникает электрокинетический потенциал, который получил название потенциала. Численное значение потенциала существенно влияет на процессы, происходящие при очистке воды, а именно при коагуляции и осаждении. Рассмотрено влияние ультразвуковой кавитации на изменение потенциала водной среды. Представлено ультразвуковое оборудование и приборы для определения потенциала. Приведены экспериментальные данные по влиянию ультразвукового поля на электрофоретическую подвижность частиц в воде. Получена зависимость потенциала от продолжительности ультразвуковой обработки. Проведенные экспериментальные исследования подтверждают использование ультразвукового метода обработки воды для интенсификации процессов водоочистки.At the boundary of the adsorption layer of the micelle an electrokinetic potential arises named potential. The numerical value of potential produces a significant impact on the processes that occur during water treatment, namely, coagulation and sedimentation. The influence of ultrasonic cavitation on the change in potential of aquatic environment is considered. Ultrasonic equipment and instruments for determining potential are presented. Experimental data on the effect of ultrasonic field on the electrophoretic mobility of particles in water is presented. The dependence of potential on the duration of ultrasonic treatment is obtained. The conducted experimental studies confirm the use of the ultrasonic method of water treatment for the enhancement of water treatment processes.

Stocktaking methods of facilities in a state of ruin

The stocktaking is the basic form of presenting and protecting the object of the historic ruin. It also allows to monitor the behavior state and the degradation progress of an object. Objects in ruin are very specifi c because they usually do not have elements typical for an existing building. This means that in the case of ruins, methods of stocktaking taken in the same way as in the case of traditional facilities will be insuffi cient. Elements of objects in ruin often have complicated and diverse geometry, diffi cult and not completely secure access to all elements. The article presents methods that can be helpful in the stocktaking of such objects. Each method describes the necessary equipment and instruments, the method of taking measurements, accuracy, advantages, and limitations. The paper also presents examples of application for selected methods.