The aim of the study was to make an inventory and describe the localities of interesting species inhabiting the segetal communities of the Turobin commune, which are regarded as endangered in Poland and Europe. The paper presents results of a field study conducted in 2011-2013 in crop fields, located on brown soils and rendzinas. Phytosociological relevés were made with the Braun-Blanquet method at the sites of phytocoenoses comprising interesting and endangered species. The habitat was assessed with the use of soil-agricultural maps, and soil pH was measured at the site where the phytosociological relevés were taken. In the Turobin commune, 32 interesting species were found; some of them are considered rare and endangered in Poland. In this group, the occurrence of Asperugo procumbens, regarded as an endangered species and included in the red list of vascular plants, is noteworthy.
In floristic and phytosociological investigations on the cultivated fields of the Szczercowska (Widawska) Depression, in the period 1967-1971, 7 associations and 3 communities as well as numerous taxonomic lower units such as subassociations, variants and facies were distinguished. Vascular plants were represented by 258 species occurring as weeds on arable fields. Among them were some interesting and rare members of the segetal flora: <i>Adonis flammeus, Adonis aestivalis, Anagallis coerulea, Linaria elatine, Vicia grandiflora, Illecebrum verticillatum, Anthoxanthum aristatum, Herniaria hirsuta</i> and others.
The work is a monograph of the regional vegetation accompanying crop plants in one of the most interesting mesoregions of central Poland. The standing phytosociological and ecological characteristic is given of 18 communities of segetal weeds against the natural conditions and changes in soil cultivation. On the basis of ecological and floristic analyses some regularities were established concerning: the structure and floristic composition of segetal communities, their dynamics distribution and spread, and the directions and extent of the contemporary transformations of these communities, due to the activity of man.
The paper presents the preliminary results of investigations on the process of degeneration of some field phytocoenoses of winter cereals and flax in central Poland, occurring under the mechanical, chemical and biotic influence of anthropopression (Tables 1-6). It is endeavoured to present, on the basis of analysis of the relations between degeneration symptoms in phytocoenoses of some associations characteristic for this part of Poland and the effect of human activity on the agroecosystem, the mechanism and consequences of this degeneration and to establish the trends and extent of this process (Table 6). This might be useful in: - appropriate management and protection of the field environment, - rational organisation of agricultural production. At the same time it was undertaken to distinguish, define and separate the forms of degeneration within the phytosociologicol units analysed. This may be of importance for: – a correct evaluation of the interrelations between the field phytocoenosis and the habitat, – evaluation and cartographic presentation of the productive values of field habitats.
Abstract
The objective of the work reported here was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and the biodiversity of weed communities in potato cultivated in continuous cropping. A seven-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of 4 metribuzin rates and an uncontrol on weed infestation in successive years of continuous potato cultivation. The following indices were calculated: the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s indices of species diversity and the Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 33 species were recorded in the experimental plots. Echinochoa crus-galli was the dominant species. The most abundant segetal communities were observed in untreated plots. An application of the herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocenosis. Cultivation in continuous cropping increased the species number of the weed community in potato. The herbicide and cultivation in continuous cropping did not significantly affect the biodiversity indices but their values, to a great extent, confirmed the trends revealed by the analysis of weed infestation
The paper is an analytical description of the differentiation of acidophilic segetal communities of the village Oleśnik (Piotrków Tryb. District) against the background of habitat conditions and standard of agriculture (Tables 3-13, Figs. 3-6). The present segetal vegetation reflects the natural conditions and the state of agricultural management of the agricultural acreage of the village (Figs. 1, 2). It is also an index of the productive passibilities of habitats with the poorest sandy soil. Therefore it may be useful for their evaluation (Table 16). The number, spread and distribution of the distinguished communities are evidence of the phytosociological-ecological nonhomogeneity and indicate the agricultural standard in the given area.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and weed community biodiversity in continuous wheat. A six-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of four chlorsulfuron rates in comparison with untreated (the control) plots, on the status and severity of weed infestation - in successive study years of cultivating winter wheat in monoculture. In addition, the following indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s index of biodiversity, and Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 36 weedy species were identified in the experimental plots. The richest segetal communities were established in the control plots. An application of herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocensosis. A short-term monoculture did not impoverish the species richness of the weed community established in winter wheat. The average number of species in the community was significantly greater in the second study year. In the initial study years of monoculture, the biodiversity of the segetal community increased markedly compared with rotation-based cultivation. The calculated indices of biodiversity were not significantly affected by herbicide rate or monoculture but the indices confirmed the trends outlined by an analysis of the status and level of weed infestation.
<p>A study of fallow lands in the Podlaski Przełom Bugu (Podlasie Bug River Gorge) mesoregion was conducted over the period 2001–2004 in 77 villages belonging to 20 municipalities located in the Bug River valley along the stretch of the river from Terespol to Małkinia Górna. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of vascular plants in fallow lands and to perform their multifaceted analysis. The study investigated quantitative and qualitative changes taking place in fallow vegetation with the passage of time from the abandonment of purposeful cultivation. Plant patches in 1–2-year, 3–6-year, 7–10-year and more than 10-year fallows were studied. Vascular plants of fallow lands within the study area comprise 442 species. 3–6-year fallows were richest in species (355). With increasing fallow age, the number of species decreased to 205 species in fallows older than 10 years. Hemicryptophytes dominated in plant communities of fallow lands. Therophytes were the co-dominant biological type in the youngest fallows. Chamaephytes and geophytes in all fellow age groups accounted for about 5%. Among vascular plants of fallow lands, native species dominated and their percentage increased with increasing fallow age, while at the same time the proportion of archeophytes decreased. With the increasing age of fallows, the proportion of species characteristic of forest communities also increased, whereas the percentage of segetal species simultaneously decreased. With the passage of time from the abandonment of cultivation, one can observe the evolution of plant cover of fallow fields from segetal communities towards less synanthropic communities.</p>
Influence of ecological on segetal communities in agrocenosis of cereals crops in the right-bank part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine
