A neural network model of hippocampal contributions to category learning

In addition to its critical role in encoding individual episodes, the hippocampus is capable of extracting regularities across experiences. This ability is central to category learning, and a growing literature indicates that the hippocampus indeed makes important contributions to this kind of learning. Using a neural network model that mirrors the anatomy of the hippocampus, we investigated the mechanisms by which the hippocampus may support novel category learning. We simulated three category learning paradigms and evaluated the network's ability to categorize and to recognize specific exemplars in each. We found that the trisynaptic pathway within the hippocampus-connecting entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1-was critical for remembering individual exemplars, reflecting the rapid binding and pattern separation functions of this circuit. The monosynaptic pathway from entorhinal cortex to CA1, in contrast, was responsible for detecting the regularities that define category structure, made possible by the use of distributed representations and a slower learning rate. Together, the simulations provide an account of how the hippocampus and its constituent pathways support novel category learning.

Modular Capsules with Assembly and Separation Mechanism: Proof of Concept

As wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) technology has advanced, various studies were published on WCEs with functional modules for the diagnosis and treatment of problems in the digestive system. However, when additional functional modules are added the physical size of the WCEs will increase, making them more difficult for patients to comfortably swallow. Moreover, there are limitations when it comes to adding multi-functional modules to the WCEs due to the size of the digestive tract itself. This article introduces a controllable modular capsule endoscope driven by an electromagnetic actuation (EMA) system. The modular capsules are divided into a driving capsule and a functional capsule. Capsules with different functions are swallowed in sequence and then recombination, transportation and separation functions are carried out under the control of the EMA system while in the stomach, this approach solves the size limitation issues faced by multi-functional capsule endoscopes. The recombination and separation functions make use of a characteristic of soft magnetic materials so that their magnetization direction can be changed easily. These functions are made possible by the addition of a soft magnet to the capsule together with the precise control of magnetic fields provided by the EMA system.

An anti-UV superhydrophobic material with photocatalysis, self-cleaning, self-healing and oil/water separation functions

The UV-resistant superhydrophobic material was fabricated with the features of photocatalysis, self-cleaning, self-healing and oil/water separation.

Farklı Gamma Işını Dozlarının İki Sıralı Arpada (Hordeum vulgare L.) Bazı Tarımsal Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi

In this study, the effect of different doses of gamma ray (200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy) applied on seeds of Tarm-92 two-row barley varieties on some agricultural properties were investigated. The research was conducted in 2016-2017 vegetation period under Isparta conditions. In M1 generation, normal and abnormal plants are harvested separately according to the spike and plant appearance at each dose and 9 different [200, 200 A, 300, 300 A, 400, 400 A, 400 A (plants with double spike formation and branching tendency in spike Ç.B.) 500 and 500 A gray] groups were formed. A total of 10 plots with control (no irradiation) were included in the M2 generation. Results showed that the effect of gamma ray application on the thousand grain weight, test weight, ratio of husk and protein content was significant statistically. While increasing the ratio of husk and protein content, gamma ray application significantly reduced the weight of a thousand grains and test weight. In this research, plant height, spike length, number of grain per spike and weight of grain per spike were investigated on a single plant. Discriminant analysis was done and distance between groups was determined. The rate of plants similar to control in examined characters in M2 generation is 400 Gy 7.83%, 200 Gy 10%, 300 Gy 19.60% and 500 Gy 22.22%. When the coefficients containing linear separation functions are examined, it is determined that the most effective feature is spike length.

Field Isolation As a Basis for Modular Product Architecture

Research into product modularity has created methods to partition a product system in to modules, including DSM algorithms to minimize various within- or between-module connectivity assumptions, as well as heuristic methods for combining functions into common modules, including dominant flow, convert-transmit, repeated elements, and branching flows. We here re-examine these methods in view of flows between field potentials. Fields are spatially defined scalar functions representing temperature, pressure, voltage, etc., each with associated flows such as heat, fluid, current, etc. It is hypothesized that isolation of elements to desired field values can form a physical basis for module definition. Product functional descriptions were examined from the literature. Those found sufficiently detailed with function structures, module definitions, part lists and subassembly definitions were studied here. Within these examples, there were 183 functions grouped into 51 modules. Of these, a statistically significant 67% of the modules had boundaries which isolated a field. For example, all elements within the module were at a high temperature and all elements outside the module were at a low temperature. Such agreement between actual modularity and field isolation provides evidence that an effective module definition strategy is to use field boundaries to separate into modules the necessarily high and low field values in the product structure. A second analysis considered how desired flows are designed to cross field boundaries. In 84% of the cases of flows crossing field boundaries, specific field separation functions were defined. Care was taken through specific functionality provision to ensure field boundary isolation. In summary, we find containing fields within a product can form a physics based guideline for defining product modularity.

Development of a single-step immunoassay microdevice based on a graphene oxide-containing hydrogel possessing fluorescence quenching and size separation functions

An immunoassay was successfully integrated into a “single-step” by developing a microdevice composed of a GO-containing hydrogel and a PDMS microchannel array with a PEG coating containing a fluorescently-labelled antibody.