PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BAWANG MERAH DAN AIR KELAPA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK PUCUK JAMBU AIR MADU DELI HIJAU (Syzygium samarangense)

ABSTRACT Green Deli Rose Apples (Syzygium samarangense) has several beneficial properties in terms of usability, cultivation, health, and economy. The intensive development of green deli rose apples plants is needed given increasing demand, needs, and has bright prospects. One of the efforts to develop green deli rose apples plants is through handling plant propagation. Propagation of green deli rose apples can be done in two ways, namely generative and vegetative. Generative propagation requires a relatively long time, while vegetative propagation have difficult to growth in rooted. Shoot-cuttings is one of the vegetative propagation that has been chosen because it is easier to root than the old parts of the plant. The use of plant growth regulators (PGR) is needed to stimulate green deli rose apples shoot-cuttings rooting. Alternative PGR is giving shallot extract and coconut water as a substitute for synthetic auxin which has a relatively expensive price. The purpose of this study was to determine the combination of the effect of the concentration shallot extract and coconut water, as well as to find out the concentration of shallot extracts and coconut water which was most influential on the growth of shoot-cutting of green deli rose apples. The extract shallot concentration used is control, 0,5%, 1,0%, and 1,5%. The coconut water concentration used is control, 20%, 30% and 40%. Data obtained next analyzed and tested using DMRT α 5%. The result showed te best treatment combination for concentration shallot extract of 0,5% and coconut water of 20%. Keywords: greend deli rose apples, shoot-cutting, shallot extract, coconut water ABSTRAK Jambu air madu deli hijau (MDH) (Syzygium samarangense) memiliki beberapa sifat yang menguntungkan baik dari segi kegunaan, budidaya, kesehatan, maupun ekonomi. Pengembangan tanaman secara intensif diperlukan mengingat permintaan dan kebutuhan yang semakin meningkat, serta memiliki prospek yang cerah. Salah satu usaha pengembangan tanaman yaitu melalui penanganan perbanyakan tanaman. Perbanyakan dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu generatif dan vegetatif. Perbanyakan secara generatif membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama, sedangkan perbanyakan vegetatif memiliki kendala sulit membentuk perakaran. Stek pucuk merupakan salah satu perbanyakan vegetatif yang banyak dipilih karena lebih mudah berakar dibandingkan bagian tanaman tua. Penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) diperlukan untuk merangsang perakaran stek pucuk jambu air MDH. Alternatif ZPT yaitu pemberian ekstrak bawang merah dan air kelapa sebagai pengganti auksin sintetis yang memiliki harga relatif mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah dan air kelapa terhadap pertumbuhan stek pucuk jambu air MDH, serta mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah dan air kelapa yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan stek pucuk jambu air MDH. Konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah yang digunakan antara lain kontrol, 0,5%, 1% dan 1,5%. Konsentrasi air kelapa yang digunakan antara lain kontrol, 20%, 30%, dan 40%. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis dan diuji menggunakan DMRT α 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik untuk konsentrasi ekstrak bawang merah dan air kelapa adalah konsentrasi 0,5% dan air kelapa 20%. Kata Kunci: jambu air madu deli hijau, stek pucuk, ekstrak bawang merah, air kelapa

Tissue culture of Ophiorrhiza mungos L., a prospective method for the production of an anticancer drug, camptothecin

Camptothecin (CPT), a cytotoxic quinoline indole alkaloid, is an anticancer compound. Its two major semi synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs effectively used for treating different cancer types and sold under the trade names Hycamtin and Camptosar. Among the Ophiorrhiza species, Ophiorrhiza mungos contains the highest CPT level (0.02 % g dw). CPT level was determined in plants before flowering (0.074 ± 0.003 % g dw) and at flowering (0.052 ± 0.002 % g dw). Multiple shoot cultures were induced on seedling-derived explants of O. mungos in half strength MS solid media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP to obtain 12.00 ± 1.22 shoots in 20 days. Repeated subcultures at 20 days interval yielded 20.00 ± 3.71 shoots/subculture of shoot clusters. After elongation, rooting and transplanting, the growth of shoot clusters were studied in both in vitro and same aged naturally grown seedlings. Highest biomass (4.62 ± 0.158 g fw) was obtained in in vitro-derived shoot clusters. CPT increased according to biomass and the maximum CPT was recorded in in vitro rooted shoot clusters after 15 days (0.031 ± 0.001 % g dw). Hence, in vitro-derived rooted shoot clusters of O. mungos cultivated in net-pots for 60 days under shade net house conditions found to be a sustainable source for CPT.

Secondary Branch Angles and Potential Topophytic Effects of Vegetatively Propagated Clones of Taxodium

Baldcypress [Taxodium distichum] branch angles were measured between the primary leader (1st order) and second order branches at three different positions (low, medium, high) in the canopy of 828 four-year-old, field-grown seedlings. Seedlings represented twenty-three open-pollinated families collected from Central Mexico to Alabama. Based on these measurements, six different representative families (three families with the most acute branch angles and three families with the most obtuse branch angles) were chosen to test 1) whether topophysis significantly affects the orientation and/or growth of ramets and 2) if branch angle divergence from the trunk of the ortet impacts the degree of topophysis observed on the ramets from rooted shoot tips. Cuttings from the six seedlings were harvested in June 2008 from basal (more horizontally oriented branches) and terminal (more erect upper branches) portions of the canopies in order to test topophytic effects. Rooted cuttings were oriented vertically upon transplanting and grown for approximately 8 months. Measurements included initial and final height and stem diameter and the final angle between the primary leader and the substrate surface. Branch angle data collected from field-grown seedlings revealed a significant interaction (P ≤ 0.0001) between family and location within the canopy. Most families measured had branch angles that were most obtuse at the bottom of the canopy becoming progressively more acute toward the tree apex. MX6D, TX3D, TX6D and EP7D were families that exhibited minimal to no branch angle differences in regard to position within canopy. Data analysis showed no significant main effect or interactions of cutting location within the canopy on vertical orientation during container production. A significant main effect (P ≤ 0.0001) of clone was observed for all measurements except initial stem diameter. Clone MX2MC31 cuttings displayed the greatest mean angle of divergence from vertical at 48° while cuttings of MX6MC14 diverted ≈12° from vertical. In this study neither initial branch angles on the ortet nor position within the canopy from which cuttings were taken was an accurate significant predictor of cutting orientation relative to vertical. Tendencies for clonal differences in vertical growth however, suggest the potential for selection of baldcypress clones that would have a reduced need for staking during production.

(178) Layering Propagation of Big tooth Maple, Acer grandidentatum

Bigtoothmaple(Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is of interest for its fall color and potential use in water-conserving landscapes. Clonal propagation of desirable selections would be beneficial. Since bigtooth maple commonly self-propagates by layering, we explored mound layering as a means of vegetative propagation. A stool bed was established in 1999 with seedlings grown from northern Utah seed. Beginning in 2001, seedlings were dormant pruned to their base and shoots allowed to grow until early July, when treatments were applied. At the time of treatment application for the reported experiments, shoot bases were girdled with 24-gauge copper wire, covered with conifer wood shavings, and kept moist during the growing season. The effects of rooting hormones and enclosure of the rooting environment on rooting were examined. On 7 July 2002, 32 trees were randomly selected and the four tallest shoots within each tree were treated with either 0, 1:5, 1:10, or 1:20 (v/v) solutions of Dip-N-Gro© rooting hormone (1% IBA, 0.5% NAA, boron). There was no significant difference in rooted shoots between treatments and 81% of the trees had at least one rooted shoot. On 9 July 2004, 39 trees were selected and two shoots per tree were girdled. One-half of the stool bed area was treated by underlaying the shavings with BioBarrier© (17.5% trifluralin a.i.). Measurements on 12 Nov. 2004 showed no apparent treatment effect on rooting and 90% of the trees had at least one rooted shoot. This research demonstrates that mound layering is an effective means of rooting shoots of juvenile bigtooth maples. Further research will examine the effectiveness of the technique in propagating mature clones.

Whole-plant hydraulic conductance and root-to-shoot flow of abscisic acid are independently affected by water stress in grapevines

In order to investigate whether plant hydraulic conductance (gplant) is reduced under drought conditions via an ABA-related mechanism, a water-stress experiment was carried out using split-rooted grapevines. In addition, inversion of shoot growth orientation was imposed to reduce gplant independently of soil water availability, and thus of the putative ABA root-generated stress message. As expected, water stress imposed on split-roots affected ABA accumulation. ABA drought-stress message negatively affected stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E), but modified neither leaf or stem water potentials (Ψleaf and Ψstem, respectively), nor gplant. When gplant was reduced in split-rooted, shoot-inverted (s-r/s-i) grapevines, Ψleaf and Ψstem decreased, without changes in ABA accumulation, gs and E. The ABA drought-stress message did not modify gplant, nor did gplant (impaired by shoot-growth inversion) decrease ABA delivery to the leaves. However, leaf growth was depressed in s-r/s-i grapevines. The fact that no interaction between ABA stress messages (caused by split-root technique) and hydraulic constraints to sap flow (caused by shoot inversion) was necessary to impair leaf growth suggests that the targets of ABA and hydraulic-limitation effects on leaf expansion are not the same.

PROPAGATION OF PECAN BY LAYERING

At present, a clonal rootstock for pecan is unavailable. Studies were initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of air-layering, stooling and trench layering techniques for propagation and field survival of clonal pecan rootstocks and to obtain an estimation of the relative responsiveness of genotypes. These studies demonstrated that clonal rootstocks and scion materials can be produced for pecan genotypes by either of the air-layering, stooling, or trench layering techniques. Survival and health of clones were generally best from ramets produced by the stooling and trench layering methods if girdling plus IBA is used to induce rooting. Of the three methods evaluated, stooling would appear to be the most practical method of producing rootstock materials since it produces the most healthy clones, although its yield per tree is probably a little less than that of trench-layering. The influence of the `girdling plus IBA' treatment on overall physiology of the rooted shoot appears to be relatively minor when compared to that of the `check'.

Invitro propagation of Fraser fir from embryonic explants

Cotyledons, hypocotyls, and cotyledon–hypocotyl explants were excised from seeds of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) subjected to H2O2 treatment for 3, 6, 9, or 12 days and cultured on media containing 0–30 mg/L N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine. Adventitious buds developed on hypocotyls and hypocotyls of cotyledon–hypocotyl explants, but rarely on cotyledons. Excised hypocotyls produced more buds than hypocotyls of cotyledon–hypocotyl expiants (1.6 vs. 1.1). Hypocotyls excised from seeds treated with H2O2 for 6 or 9 days and placed on medium containing 10 mg/L N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine yielded the greatest number of buds, with a mean of three buds per hypocotyl. Elongated adventitious shoots were placed on media containing 0–40 mg/L 1H-indole-3-butyric acid to induce rooting. Forty-eight percent of shoots treated with 40 mg/L 1H-indole-3-butyric acid rooted, and the greatest number of roots per rooted shoot (3.0) was also noted at this concentration. Plantlets were transferred to a growing medium, but acclimation was unsuccessful