Whole-plant hydraulic conductance and root-to-shoot flow of abscisic acid are independently affected by water stress in grapevines

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Lovisolo ◽  
Wolfram Hartung ◽  
Andrea Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Hydraulic Limitation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Stress Experiment ◽  
Rooted Shoot

In order to investigate whether plant hydraulic conductance (gplant) is reduced under drought conditions via an ABA-related mechanism, a water-stress experiment was carried out using split-rooted grapevines. In addition, inversion of shoot growth orientation was imposed to reduce gplant independently of soil water availability, and thus of the putative ABA root-generated stress message. As expected, water stress imposed on split-roots affected ABA accumulation. ABA drought-stress message negatively affected stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E), but modified neither leaf or stem water potentials (Ψleaf and Ψstem, respectively), nor gplant. When gplant was reduced in split-rooted, shoot-inverted (s-r/s-i) grapevines, Ψleaf and Ψstem decreased, without changes in ABA accumulation, gs and E. The ABA drought-stress message did not modify gplant, nor did gplant (impaired by shoot-growth inversion) decrease ABA delivery to the leaves. However, leaf growth was depressed in s-r/s-i grapevines. The fact that no interaction between ABA stress messages (caused by split-root technique) and hydraulic constraints to sap flow (caused by shoot inversion) was necessary to impair leaf growth suggests that the targets of ABA and hydraulic-limitation effects on leaf expansion are not the same.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of xylem hydraulic recovery after drought in Eucalyptus saligna

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gauthey ◽  
Jennifer Peters ◽  
Rosana López ◽  
Madeline Carins Murphy ◽  
Celia M. Rodriguez-Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Stem Water

The mechanisms by which woody plants recover xylem hydraulic capacity after drought stress are not well understood, particularly with regard to the role of embolism refilling. We evaluated the recovery of xylem hydraulic capacity in young Eucalyptus saligna plants exposed to cycles of drought stress and rewatering. Plants were exposed to moderate and severe drought stress treatments, with recovery monitored at time intervals from 24 hrs to 6 months after rewatering. The percentage loss of xylem vessels due to embolism (PLV) was quantified at each time point using micro-computed tomography with stem water potential (Ψx) and whole plant transpiration (Eplant) measured prior to scans. Plants exposed to severe drought stress suffered high levels of embolism (47.38 ± 10.97 % PLV) and almost complete canopy loss. No evidence of embolism refilling was observed at 24 hrs, one week, or three weeks after rewatering despite rapid recovery in Ψx. Recovery of hydraulic capacity was achieved over a 6-month period by growth of new xylem tissue, with canopy leaf area and Eplant recovering over the same period. These findings indicate that E. saligna recovers slowly from severe drought stress, with potential for embolism to persist in the xylem for many months after rainfall.

scholarly journals Effect of Fall Irrigation Level in `Mauritius' and `Floridian' Lychee on Soil and Plant Water Status, Flowering Intensity, and Yield

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Stern ◽  
M. Meron ◽  
A. Naor ◽  
R. Wallach ◽  
B. Bravdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Irrigation Control ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Flowering Intensity

The effect of fall irrigation level in `Mauritius' and `Floridian' lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) on soil and plant water status, flowering intensity, and yield the following year was studied in a field during 2 consecutive years. At the end of the second vegetative flush after harvest (1 Oct. 1994 and 10 Oct. 1995), four irrigation treatments were initiated: 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0 Class A pan evaporation coefficients designated 100%, 50%, 25%, and 0%. The three lower irrigation levels effectively stopped shoot growth, suggesting the 50% treatment to be the threshold for shoot growth cessation in both years. For both years, flowering intensity and yield in the 100% treatment were lower than those following the other three treatments. Soil and plant water-stress indicators responded to the water-stress irrigation treatments. However soil water-potential values were highly variable relative to plant water potentials. Stem water potential differed more markedly between treatments than leaf water potential. Midday stem water potential appeared to be the best water-stress indicator for irrigation control. Midday stem water potential in both years was correlated with midday vapor-pressure deficit, suggesting that the threshold for irrigation control should take into account evaporative demand.

scholarly journals Relationship of stem water potential and leaf conductance to vegetative growth of young olive trees in a hedgerow orchard

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Gómez-del-Campo ◽  
A. Leal ◽  
C. Pezuela
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Stem Water

In 2005, four irrigation treatments were applied to a 3-year-old cv. Cornicabra orchard. In T1, wetted soil volume was maintained close to field capacity by irrigating when soil sensors indicated that soil water potential in the root zone had fallen to –0.03 MPa and 0.06 MPa from spring until 15 August and from 15 August until September, respectively. On those days, 8, 6, 4, and 2 h of irrigation was applied to T1, T2, T3, and T4, so that over the season they received 106, 81, 76 and 31 mm of irrigation, respectively. The high value for T3 was the result of a valve failure on 13 June. Measurements were maintained throughout the experimental period of relative extractable water (REW) to 1 m depth at the wetted volume (0.30 m from a drip emitter), shoot length, trunk diameter, stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf conductance (gl). The irrigation treatment significantly affected REW (P < 0.10), Ψstem, gl and vegetative growth (P < 0.05). Ψstem, and trunk diameter were the least variable parameters and Ψstem and shoot growth were the most sensitive to water stress. Although T1 received 24% more water than T2, no significant differences were detected in vegetative growth. T2 should be considered the optimum irrigation value. The mean monthly Kc for T2 was 0.086. The failure of the valve in T3 simulated a wet spring followed by limited irrigation. Irrigation applied was similar to T2 but shoot growth stopped one month earlier and lower values of Ψstem and gl were observed after mid August. REW was highly related to vegetative growth, 66% of maximum being achieved at REW 0.53 and 50% at 0.45. gl was independant of plant or soil water status and did not determine vegetative growth. A strong relationship established Ψstem as a good indicator of vegetative growth and hence of water stress. Shoot growth was 66% of maximum at Ψstem –1.5 MPa and 50% at –1.8 MPa.

scholarly journals Influence of Water Stress on Grapevines Growing in the Field: From Leaf to Whole-Plant Response

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Winkel ◽  
S Rambal
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Whole Plant

A comparative study of soil-plant water relations was conducted on three grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. cvv. carignane, merlot, shiraz) to investigate their adjustment to short-term and long-term water stress under field conditions. Adjustment was a function of the relative stability of the internal plant water status on diurnal and seasonal scales. On a diurnal scale, stomatal closure in response to water vapour pressure directly contributed to this stability. Indirect evidence suggested an influence of the soil water status on the diurnal stomatal activity. On a seasonal scale, sufficient leaf hydration required high whole-plant hydraulic conductance. This was achieved by either daily stomatal regulation or limitation of leaf area. Physiological adjustment to water stress through stomatal control was well developed in cv. carignane, which originated in a Mediterranean environment. However, cv. shiraz, which was of mesic origin, apparently adjusted to water stress by reducing leaf area. Our study demonstrates the utility of integrating data on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and whole-plant hydraulic conductance to interpret whole plant adaptation to water stress, and elucidates two mechanisms by which genotypes differentially acclimate to water stress.

scholarly journals Endogenous Abscisic Acid Concentrations, Vegetative Growth, and Water Relations of Apple Seedlings following PEG-induced Water Stress

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Bruce H. Barritt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate

In unstressed apple seedlings (Malus domestics Borkh.), concentrations of free abscisic acid (ABA) decreased in order from apical stem sections, immature expanding leaves, mature stem sections, and mature leaves. PEG-induced water stress stimulated a 2- to 10-fold increase in free ABA concentrations 1 day after treatment, depending on the amount of stress and the tissue. By the 3rd day of stress, free ABA concentrations were nearly the same as the unstressed treatment and remained low for the remainder of the 21-day stress period. Bound ABA concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than free ABA and were not influenced dramatically by water stress. Shoot growth rate, leaf expansion rate, and leaf emergence rate were reduced by water stress in relation to the severity of the stress; this reduction was associated with the initial increase in ABA. However, there was no increase in shoot or leaf growth rates associated with the decline in ABA concentrations by day 3 as growth rates remained depressed on water-stressed plants throughout the 21-day stress period. Water stress reduced evapotranspiration rate and midshoot leaf water potential (ψW)after 1 day, but leaf osmotic potential (ψS) adjusted more slowly, resulting in a loss of leaf turgor. The reduction in leaf turgor pressure (ψP) was highly correlated with decreased shoot growth rate and increased ABA concentrations on day 1 after treatment. By the 3rd day of water stress, ψP bad recovered even in the most severe treatment, and the recovery of turgor was associated with the drop in ABA concentrations. However, the increase in midshoot ψP and the decline in ABA were not associated with any increase in shoot growth rate. The continued inhibition of shoot growth was probably not related to ABA or turgor pressure of mature leaves but may have been related to turgor pressure in the growing tip.

scholarly journals Drought stress and its impact on plant mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (AAEBSSD) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Anjali Tiwari ◽  
Shailaja Punetha ◽  
Kapil Kesarvani
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Drought is one the most common adverse environmental problem is increasing as a result of increasing population of world and intensive use of natural resources. Drought stress has major constraints to agricultural productivity worldwide, particularly in warm, arid and semi-arid areas. It adversely affects plants Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical processes and prolonged drought stress limits plant growth and productivity. The effect of drought stress at a whole plant level results non-normal physiological process that impact one or a combination of biological and environmental factors. That is why this review paper is mainly focused on recent information about the influence of water stress on plants, as well as its mechanisms of adaptation. It is shown that plants have evolved physiological and biochemical adaptations to cope with water stress. Plant used molecular mechanism to increase tolerance against drought are discussed. The literature analysed in this review shows an understanding of how these systems are regulated and upgrade the effect of drought stress on plants mechanism. The provided information needed to improve plants tolerance against drought stress by using biotechnological tools.

scholarly journals Drought Response of Young Apple Trees on Three Rootstocks: Growth and Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Ronald L. Perry ◽  
James A. Flore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Leaf Emergence

`Imperial Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, trained to two shoots, on M.9 EMLA, MM.111, and Mark rootstocks were subjected to two drought-stress and recovery periods in a rainshelter. Leaf growth rate, leaf area, leaf emergence, shoot length, and trunk cross-sectional area were measured during each stress and recovery period. Leaf growth rate was reduced during both stress periods but most consistently during the second drought stress. Length of the less-vigorous shoot was reduced most consistently due to drought stress but did not recover upon irrigation. Leaf emergence and trunk cross-sectional area increment were inconsistent in response to stress. Tree growth was reduced by drought stress to the greatest extent for trees on Mark, with MM.111 intermediate and M.9 EMLA least affected. At termination, the plants were separated into roots, current-season shoot growth, previous-season shoot growth, and rootstock, and dry weights were measured. Dry weights confirmed the growth measurements taken during the experiment with a 16%, 27%, and 34% reduction in total plant dry weight for drought-stressed trees on M.9 EMLA, MM.111, and Mark, respectively, compared to corresponding controls. It was concluded that Mark was the most sensitive of the three rootstocks followed by MM.111; M.9 EMLA was the most drought resistant.

scholarly journals Effect of drought stress on gas exchange characteristics of four soybean genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Chowdhury ◽  
MA Karim ◽  
QA Khaliq ◽  
AU Ahmed ◽  
MSA Khan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics

An experiment was conducted in a venylhouse at the environmental stress site of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during September to December 2012 to determine the changes of photosynthesis and some related traits under drought stress in soybean genotypes. Four studied genotypes viz. Shohag, BARI Soybean 6 and BD2331 (relatively stress tolerant) and BGM2026 (susceptible) were tested against two water regimes such as water stress and non-stress. Results indicated that gas exchange characteristics were positively correlated with plant growth. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance showed more reduction in susceptible genotypes than the tolerant ones. Transpiration rate was found minimal in tolerant genotypes. Changes in leaf growth attributes of the four selected genotypes were compared under drought (water) stress conditions which is one of the major plant parts related to gas exchange. Generally, drought stress decreased the leaf area more in susceptible genotype than tolerant genotype. From the result, genotype BGM2026 which recorded the lowest photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf area but highest transpiration rate was considered as drought susceptible whereas BARI Soybean-6, Shohag and BD2331 were more drought stress tolerant which have better mechanisms of drought tolerance.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(2): 195-205, June 2016

Photosynthesis and Growth of Magnolia × soulangiana in Response to Consecutive Drought Stress

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 539b-539
Author(s):  
R.T. Fernandez ◽  
R.E. Schutzki
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis

Responses of Magnolia × soulangiana `Jane' to consecutive short-term drought stresses were evaluated in this study. Plants were received from a commercial nursery in 19-L containers in a 4:1 pine bark:sand media. In Oct. 1997, plants were exposed to one, two or three consecutive 3-day drought stress periods, each separated by one rewatering period. There were 48 total plants with eight replicates per treatment for each stress period. Following each stress period, a group of eight control and eight stressed plants were planted in the field and well-watered to monitor recovery from each stress duration. Whole-plant photosynthesis, leaf photosynthesis, shoot growth, and soil moisture content were measured approximately every 2 days during the stress periods. Leaf photosynthesis, shoot growth, and leaf defoliation rate were monitored for recovering plants. Few differences in growth were noticed except more rapid defoliation with onset of autumn for the three 3-day stressed plants. Whole-plant and leaf photosynthesis were reduced by day 3 of the first 3-day stress for drought-stressed plants and remained lower while plants were under stress. After release from stress, photosynthesis returned to control levels for plants receiving one and two 3-day stress treatments in ≈1 week, while it was more than 3 weeks until recovery for plants receiving three 3-day stress treatments. Plants will be evaluated in Spring 1998 for bloom and growth characteristics.

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