Developing, Implementing, and Applying Novel Techniques During Systematic Reviews of Primary Space Medicine Data

BACKGROUND: The Aerospace Medicine Systematic Review Group was set up in 2016 to facilitate high quality and transparent synthesis of primary data to enable evidence-based practice. The group identified many research methods specific to space medicine that need consideration for systematic review methods. The group has developed space medicine specific methods to address this and trialed usage of these methods across seven published systematic reviews. This paper outlines evolution of space medicine synthesis methods and discussion of their initial application.METHODS: Space medicine systematic review guidance has been developed for protocol planning, quantitative and qualitative synthesis, sourcing gray data, and assessing quality and transferability of space medicine human spaceflight simulation study environments.RESULTS: Decision algorithms for guidance and tool usage were created based on usage. Six reviews used quantitative methods in which no meta-analyses were possible due to lack of controlled trials or reporting issues. All reviews scored the quality and transferability of space simulation environments. One review was qualitative. Several research gaps were identified.CONCLUSION: Successful use of the developed methods demonstrates usability and initial validity. The current space medicine evidence base resulting in no meta-analyses being possible shows the need for standardized guidance on how to synthesize data in this field. It also provides evidence to call for increasing use of controlled trials, standardizing outcome measures, and improving minimum reporting standards. Space medicine is a unique field of medical research that requires specific systematic review methods.Winnard A, Caplan N, Bruce-Martin C, Swain P, Velho R, Meroni R, Wotring V, Damann V, Weber T, Evetts S, Laws J. Developing, implementing, and applying novel techniques during systematic reviews of primary space medicine data. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(8):681688.

Primary-space Adaptive Control Variates Using Piecewise-polynomial Approximations

We present an unbiased numerical integration algorithm that handles both low-frequency regions and high-frequency details of multidimensional integrals. It combines quadrature and Monte Carlo integration by using a quadrature-based approximation as a control variate of the signal. We adaptively build the control variate constructed as a piecewise polynomial, which can be analytically integrated, and accurately reconstructs the low-frequency regions of the integrand. We then recover the high-frequency details missed by the control variate by using Monte Carlo integration of the residual. Our work leverages importance sampling techniques by working in primary space, allowing the combination of multiple mappings; this enables multiple importance sampling in quadrature-based integration. Our algorithm is generic and can be applied to any complex multidimensional integral. We demonstrate its effectiveness with four applications with low dimensionality: transmittance estimation in heterogeneous participating media, low-order scattering in homogeneous media, direct illumination computation, and rendering of distribution effects. Finally, we show how our technique is extensible to integrands of higher dimensionality by computing the control variate on Monte Carlo estimates of the high-dimensional signal, and accounting for such additional dimensionality on the residual as well. In all cases, we show accurate results and faster convergence compared to previous approaches.

The GOES-R EUVS model for EUV irradiance variability

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R (GOES-R) series of four satellites are the next generation NOAA GOES satellites. Once on orbit and commissioned, they are renamed GOES 16–19, making critical terrestrial and space weather measurements through 2035. GOES 16 and 17 are currently on orbit, having been launched in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The GOES-R satellites include the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) instrument suite, which measures calibrated solar irradiance in eight lines or bands between 25 nm and 285 nm with the Extreme Ultraviolet Sensors (EUVS) instrument. EXIS also includes the X-Ray Sensor (XRS) instrument, which measures solar soft X-ray irradiance at the legacy GOES bands. The EUVS Measurements are used as inputs to the EUVS Model, a solar spectral irradiance model for space weather operations that predicts irradiance in twenty-two 5 nm wide intervals from 5 nm to 115 nm, and one 10 nm wide interval from 117 to 127 nm at 30 s cadence. Once fully operational, NOAA will distribute the EUVS Model irradiance with 1 min latency as a primary space weather data product, ushering in a new era of rapid dissemination and measurement continuity of EUV irradiance spectra. This paper describes the EUVS Model algorithms, data sources, calibration methods and associated uncertainties. Typical model (relative) uncertainties are less than ~5% for variability at time-scales longer than 6 h, and are ~25% for solar flare induced variability. The absolute uncertainties, originating from the instruments used to calibrate the EUVS Model, are ~10%. Examples of model results are presented at both sub-daily and multi-year timescales to demonstrate the model’s capabilities and limitations. Example solar flare irradiances are also modeled.

Socializing Rejection and Failure in Artistic Occupational Communities

Failure is a normal aspect of work in creative industries; even highly successful artists are subject to rejection by critics, fans, and peers. It is known that organizations such as schools and workplaces are the primary space for job-related socialization, but artistic careers are characterized by nonstandard employment relations and do not generally require formal schooling. Without the bureaucratic structures typically used to socialize novice group members, how do artistic occupational communities socialize aspirants to manage rejection and labor market failure? This article draws from 6 months of participant observation from “Song Club,” a periodic professional workshop for aspiring songwriters where aspirants present a song to publishers in the hopes of having it recorded and released to commercial audiences. During the period of study, 403 songs were presented to publishers, and 327 were rejected. During the workshops, Song Club members are socialized toward normalizing rejection, appropriately interacting with gatekeepers, and developing collaborative relationships with peers. Adopting these norms reduces the likelihood of failure and contextualizes the meaning of rejection in this occupational community.

MENAKAR KEKAFIRAN BERFIKIRTERHADAP KEBERADAAN PEREMPUAN DALAM SEJARAH PERADAMAN MANUSIA

AbstrakSebelum datangnya peradaban Islam, keberadaan perampuan hanya sebagai“sperpac” bagi kaum laki-laki. Suara dan jeritan perempuan dikala itu “tubuh-kuse-akan bukan milik-ku”. Teori sosial memposisikan “martabat” perempuan danlaki-laki memiliki “kesetaraan” dalam peran dan fungsi, di berbagai ruang. Islammemposisikan “derajat” laki-laki dan perempuan sesuai dengan kodratnya,adanya “keseimbangan” peran dan fungsi di berbagai ruang primer. Meretaskembali kekafiran berfikir terhadap peran dan fungsi perempuan, sehingga tidaksalah faham atau fahamnya yang salah terhadap keberadaan perempuan didalam zona kaum Adam.Kata kunci: “kekafiran berfikir, perempuan, peradaban manusia”.AbstractBefore the coming of the islamic civilization, the existence of women is just as“spread” for the male voice and the cry of women compensation whenever it “MyBody Seems By Not Mine”. Social theory position “Dignity” women and menhave “Equality” in this role and function in various space, Islam position“Degrees” of men and women in accordance with his nature, the existence of“Balance” role and function in the the share of primary space. Hack back indisbelief thinkink about the role and function of women, so as not to ceusemisunderstanding or misinterpretation of the presence of women in the male zone.Keywords: Unibeliever Think, Woman, Human Civilization.

Classroom Instruments and Carpool Karaoke: Ritual and Collaboration in Late Night’s YouTube Era

This article uses two recurring late-night talk show segments, “Classroom Instruments” (NBC’s The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon) and “Carpool Karaoke” (CBS’s The Late Late Show with James Corden), to explore how programming strategies are changing in response to late night’s adoption of YouTube as a distribution platform. Through close analysis of these segments, the series’ YouTube presences, and industry perspective, the article explores how late night’s digital turn has embraced historical qualities of late-night programming that have proven compatible with YouTube as a platform, with these segments prioritizing collaboration common in the YouTube community at large. It goes on to analyze how this content is being “re-ritualized” for online audiences, disconnecting the segments from their linear broadcast context and reframing them for nonlinear audiences in light of this once secondary space of distribution increasingly becoming the primary space of consumption in late-night talk’s “YouTube era.”

Legitimacy of Public Schools

In chapter seven, I define political legitimacy, describe its connection to healthy democracy, and reveal how recent changes in education and the climate surrounding it may be causing a decline in the legitimacy of our schools. I show how political legitimacy results from citizens concluding that schools, as state institutions, are worthy of recognition and serve a justified role. Redirecting our attention from the accountability crisis, I demonstrate that our schools are facing a legitimacy crisis that is exacerbated by larger changes in societal values, citizen identities, and ideologies. I describe how we might come together as publics to deliberate the purposes of schools and assess their performance at meeting those goals in order to affirm that they are just and serve our needs. I turn to defining civil society as the primary space where publics form and act and, hence, where the legitimacy of schools can be affirmed and democracy upheld.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT: AN INTEGRAL PART OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM AND LAND ADMINISTRATION-MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Disaster management is a multidisciplinary field, which requires a general coordination approach as well as specialist approaches. Science and Technology system of a country allows to create policies and execution of technical inputs required which provide services for the specific types of disasters management. Land administration and management agencies, as the administrative and management bodies, focus more on the coordination of designated tasks to various agencies responsible for their dedicated roles. They get help from Scientific and technical inputs & policies which require to be implemented in a professional manner. The paper provides an example of such integration from India where these two systems complement each other with their dedicated services. Delhi, the Capital of India, has such a disaster management system which has lot of technical departments of government which are mandated to provide their services as Emergency Service Functionaries. Thus, it is shown that disaster management is a job which is an integral part of Science & Technology system of a country while being implemented primarily with the help of land administration and management agencies. It is required that new policies or mandates for the Science and technology organizations of government should give a primary space to disaster management