An Integrated Survey of the Geochemical Study at the Blawan-Ijen Area, East Java

Geothermal energy is a renewable alternative energy source. One of the analyses used to determine the characteristics of a geothermal field is water geochemical analysis. The target of this research is the Blawan-Ijen geothermal prospect area, Bondowoso. The geochemical analysis was carried out using AAS, Spectrophotometer and acid-base titration. This survey shows the characteristics of the geothermal system and geothermal fluid in the Blawan area, Ijen. From the chemical analysis of hot water, we found that the types of geothermal water fluids in the Blawan Ijen area vary. In samples BL1, BL2 and BL5 included in the type of Sulphate Water with the dominant elemental Sulphate (SO4) content is also known as Sulfuric Acid Water (Acid-Sulphate Water). Then for the BL4 sample included in the type of chloride water. This type of water is a type of geothermal fluid found in most areas with high-temperature systems. Areas with large-scale hot springs flowing with high Cl concentrations originate from deep reservoirs and indicate permeable zones in those areas. However, this area may not be located above the main upflow zone. There are several other possibilities, such as topographic influences, which can significantly impact hydrological control. The presence of chlorine gas can also identify high zones' permeable areas (e.g., faults, breccia eruptions or conduit). In contrast, BL3 samples are included in the Bicarbonate Water-type. The element HCO3 (bicarbonate) is the most dominant element (main anion) and contains CO2 gas from the chemical analysis results. HCO3 water is generally formed in marginal and near-surface areas in systems dominated by volcanic rocks, where CO2 gas and condensed water vapour into groundwater. The vapour condensation can either heat the groundwater or be heated by steam (steam heated) to form an HCO3 solution

Development of new inhibitor to prevent salt deposition

The inhibitors of inorganic mineral sediments based on orthophosphate acid, monoamid of sulphuric acid (MSA) and carboxymethylcelluloze (CMC) have been developed. Created compositional inhibitors of salt deposition are transparent, fluid water solution with 14.5–22.0 % concentration. To specify the efficiency of developed salt deposition inhibitors, the agent capacity to keep cations of calcium in the volume of artificially prepared mineral waters of carbonate and sulphate types modelling produced water within oil fields has been evaluated. It was defined that adding 20–20 mg/l of developed compositions into the solutions of calcium sulphate provides high protection effect. Inhibitors’ protection capacity using the compositions in the charge of 20 mg/l in sulphate water comprises 89.6–96.8 %, and in the carbonate water - 87.8–92.6 %. Using 25 mg/l of these compositions, protection capacity of the inhibitors in sulphate water reaches up to 94.5–98.7 %, and in carbonate water - 92.5–96.8 %. Protection effect of inhibitors in case of using 30 mg/l of the compositions comprises 98.3–100 % in sulphate water, and 96.8–100 % in carbonated one as well.

Geochemistry Exploration and Geothermometry Application in the North Zone of Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia

A geochemistry study has been done in four geothermal manifestations—Ie-Seu’um, Ie-Brôuk, Ie-Jue and the Van-Heutz crater—located in the north zone of Seulawah Agam mountain (Aceh Besar District, Indonesia). The study was performed through water and gas analysis. Water analysis were done for all geothermal manifestations, but gas analysis was only done for the Ie-Jue manifestation that has fumaroles. Cation and anion contents were analyzed by ion chromatography, ICP-OES, alkalimetry titrations, and spectrophotometry, meanwhile isotopes were measured by a Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer. The resulting data were used for fluid and gas geothermometry calculations, and plotted in a FT-CO2 Cross-Plot and a CH4-CO2-H2S triangle diagram to obtain reservoir temperatures. The data were also plotted by a Cl-HCO3-SO4 triangle and Piper diagram to obtain the water type and dominant chemical composition, a Na-K-Mg triangle diagram to obtain fluid equilibria, the isotope ratio in the stable isotope plot to obtain the origin of water, and a N2-He-Ar triangle diagram to establish the origin of fumaroles. The water analysis results showed that (1) Ie-Seu’um has an average reservoir temperature of 241.9 ± 0.3 °C, a chloride water type, a dominant Na-K-Cl chemical composition, a mature water fluid equilibrium, and water of meteoric origin; (2) Ie-Brôuk has an average reservoir temperature of 321.95 ± 13.4 °C, a bicarbonate water type, a dominant Na-Ca-HCO3chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium, and water of meteoric origin; (3) Ie-Jue has an average reservoir temperature of 472.4 ± 91.4 °C, a sulphate water type, a dominant Ca-SO4 chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium and water of meteoric origin; and (4) the Van-Heutz crater has an average reservoir temperature of 439.3 ± 95.3 °C, a sulphate water type, a dominant Ca-SO4 chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium and water of magmatic origin. The results of our gas analysis showed that Ie-Jue has an average reservoir temperature of 258.85 °C, and water of meteoric origin. Based on the reservoir temperatures, the geothermal manifestation of the north zone of Seulawah Agam mountain is considered as a high-temperature geothermal system suitable for power plant development.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Scrubber for Oily Skin in Gel Form

Cosmetics play a vital role for everyone to have a joyful and sanguine life. In present scenario herbal cosmeceuticals have more demand because they have no side effects. People having oily skin suffer from acne, whiteheads and blackheads quite often so scrubbing become more essential. In our present study we formulated 3 different formulations F1, F2, F3 in gel form for oily skin by using turmeric, aloe vera, cinnamon, potato starch, activated charcoal powder, honey, green tea, lemon juice, onion, walnut shell, coconut oil, beet root juice powder, sodium lauryl sulphate, water and evaluated by using various parameters such as physical appearance, viscosity, pH, Spreadability, irritability, washability, stability studies and got fruitful results with all the tests. The scrub F2 was found to show excellent effects on controlling oil secretion, and preventing formation of new pimples. The herbal formulation F2 was having characteristic odour, reddish brown in color having, light, non-irritant to the skin and quite elegant. The powder was smooth to touch and in gel form it spreads satisfactorily. Thus, the formulated scrub F2 can be utilized efficaciously without a side effect which exfoliates and makes glowing skin.