Myths, Myths, Everywhere

This chapter debunks a series of myths about science and religion. These include the idea that Giordano Bruno and then Galileo Galilei were martyrs of modern science; that Copernicanism was unilaterally opposed by the Church; that Christianity sets faith against evidence; that reason has played no part in Christian thinking over its history; that true science is only ever cold, detached, and rational; that thinkers must pick a side in the war between “science” and “religion.” Modern examples of all of these myths are given, ranging from academic works to bestselling novels. Each is studied in turn, and then revealed to be false. As with the other chapters, John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White are shown to be largely responsible for popularizing them in the first place.

True Consciousness Science Requires Strongly Dynamically-Unorthodox Physics

Whether there can be a science of consciousness is both of the utmost importance, and a matter of intense current debate in the field. Recently, two major papers seemed to reach dramatically conflicting conclusions, one denying scientific method currently exists in the field, the other promoting a way to ‘make the hard problem easier’. Here I apply uncontroversial mathematical physics together with a new symbolism for conscious experience, to decisively resolve this issue. Under dynamically-orthodox physics (e.g. current physical theory), there can’t be a scientifically-reliable approach. But under a strong form of dynamically-unorthodox physics, subjective report is not provably unreliable, thus meeting the minimal necessary conditions for a true science. Implications for the epistemological foundations of science are briefly discussed.

SPECIAL LINGUISTIC GLOSSARY - AN ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

The mind cannot imagine that any science shows enrichment without the need for this Because true science is a reaction to a scientific problem in society and a necessity to open what is closed to understand it, and scientific convergence between nations is one of the most important problems that need channels of communication that help in understanding the culture of the other and understanding the other. Our culture, We now live in a small world dominated by information technology and digital computers, and the communication process is very fast and easy,This undoubtedly makes the process of communication between communities very easy and gives a great demand for understanding the languages of others village that brings the distant closer and draws explicit features in the mind of society, and all of this needs a clarification of terms and keeping pace with their formations, and this understanding must be based on a special scientific perspective devoid of emotional inclination and cloaked in a scientific scarf,This understanding and perspective grows in an important angle in language as it is the image and mirror that reflects human culture. Language is the vessel of thought, and this language in our world is no longer confined to what is scattered on the peaks of the Arabian desert, and therefore dictionaries came to form important features of intellectual communication at the level of language and culture. And this art is authentic in languages, especially Arabic, and because of the flexibility of Arabic and its ability to accept the stranger in sound, morphology, and semantics, as it expanded to receive the ancient Arabizer, so it flaunted it with its originality to be an Arab or to wear the dress of the Arabic inflection and its significance, Flexibility of Arabic has developed with us as a lexical extension that helped accept the other, keep up with him and communicate with him without that at the expense of the origin. And the formation of scientific visions that help in rooting the linguistic link away from bias, and these special linguistic dictionaries are cultural formations that were limited to one linguistic color, and this keeps pace with the era of speed in specialization and understanding terms away from stuffiness, repetition and chaos overlapping linguistic levels.

Od spekulatywnego humoryzmu do eksperymentalnego fizjologizmu

Pointing out the boundary after crossing which physiology of man stops being pseudoscience and becomes true science had been a task undertaken for a long time. Some of those attempts caused a greater and some a lesser reservation. Relatively limited ways of recognizing life processes, including the preveiling for centuries ban of doing autopsy, on many occasions opened widely a door for various pseudo and quasi scientific speculations. Numerous of them had survived through the centuries. Although with time passing by it had been proved that some of them a scientifically groundless they had been replaced with new ones. In my remarks I recall the example of speculative humourism as well several examples of experimental physiologism, including behaviorism which is still popular in science. Certainly, more of such examples can be given at any time. We cannot say however that diverse pseudoscientific speculations in physiology have been eradicated. We might say that today we are given a much smaller space for speculativism in that or other areas of biological research.

Confirmation Bias

This chapter examines confirmation bias, which refers to people’s tendency to attend only to information that agrees with what they already think is true. Confirmation bias is responsible for not only a great deal of denial of scientific evidence but also the actual generation and maintenance of incorrect scientific information. That is, scientific and medical professionals are as prone as anyone else is to “seeing what we believe,” making it especially difficult to help people sort out what is true science from the mistakes and outright fabrications. The chapter demonstrates how confirmation bias, although a highly adaptive human trait, often causes scientific misperceptions due to resistance to the often counterintuitive disconfirmation process of scientific inquiry. It then proposes some ways of countering confirmation bias.

Carnival of Education: between McDonald’s and Traditionalism

The article by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov expresses the attitude of the Russian professors to the processes of transformation of domestic science and education and the search for their foundations, one of which was the concept of the carnival of M. Bakhtin. The applicability of this concept in relation to postmodern social reality is questionable, since the carnival involves the inversion of the “triumphant truth”, relativized in the familiar form of “buffoonery and debunking”. Modern reality no longer contains the “triumphant truth” that could be subjected to inversion; in this regard, only buffoonery remains from the concept of the carnival. We offer our own view on the foundations of the transformation of science and education in Russia, in a postmodern manner suggesting the duality of reality. The first is bureaucratic reality, described by the metaphor of McDonaldization (D. Ritzer), focused on the goal-oriented market relations of “educational services”, quantitative calculation of ratings and controllability of the system. The second reality is the collective unconscious of Russian teachers, whose position is not close to the carnival inversion of M. Bakhtin, but to the traditionalist mystical and religious inversion of R. Genon. Modernity appears to be a distortion of the primordial Tradition, the sacred initiation, in the role of which the Soviet system of science and education most often appears. Each phenomenon becomes the opposite of its true meaning - “servants” teachers, “athletes” scientists, “clowns” experts, while “true” science and education are presented as something self-evident. Both realities are not capable of dialogue, since the former is oriented towards market-oriented rationality and social opportunism, while the latter is oriented toward implicitly or explicitly sacred ethical values of the “cult of science and progress”. Under these conditions, it is naive for scientists to wait for an understanding of their intentions from the reality of the bureaucracy, but it is pointless and destructive to conflict with it. A more realistic way of developing science and education is the self-organization of the scientific community through the formation of circles and dialogue between them, which can be a real discussion.

RELIGION AS THE SINGLE FOUNDATION OF SCIENCE

For centuries, science was considered as something radically different from religion. Yet, the foundations of true science are deeply religious in nature. This paper seeks to show how religion is the only foundation needed for the formulation of scientific theories, since it provides the core principles on which the building of exact sciences is based upon. Our need to understand the cosmos and our faith in us being able to do so, are the main prerequisites for conducting science; prerequisites that are derived from our belief in us being the sons of God and, thus, being able to read His mind. From its birth on 7 March 1277 up to today, science seems to be the only logical attitude of religious people towards the unknown cosmos.

Gendered Boundary-work within the Finnish Skepticism Movement

As a worldwide social movement, skepticism aims to promote science and critical thinking. However, by analyzing texts published in the magazine of the Finnish skepticism movement between 1988 and 2017, we find that the movement carries out its mission in a way that maintains and produces gendered hierarchies. We identify six forms of gendered boundary-work in the data: (1) science as masculine, (2) questioning women, (3) complementary and alternative medicine as feminine, (4) debating the status of gender studies, (5) gender within the skepticism movement, and (6) supporting equality. Gender is an important aspect of the boundary-work undertaken by the movement to establish boundaries between science and nonscience. The forms of gendered boundary-work contribute to the idea of “true” science as a masculine and male-dominated domain, excluding women from both science and the skepticism movement. Even when the exclusions are subtle, hidden, or humorous, they nevertheless produce gendered inequalities by excluding women, belittling women’s knowledge production, or granting women-only dismissive recognition. Indeed, our analysis indicates that there is a need to look deeply into science-based social movements: exclusive structural tactics are part and parcel of such movements’ mundane activities, as our examples from Skepsis ry’s popular magazine demonstrate.

About the Benefits of the Crisis-Phenomenology inspired by Bertalanffy

Bertalanffy defined a science-philosophical research program. In the light of this illumination I will present the most inspirational crisis concept. True science avoids the dualism. By doing so, it will not be a set of objective facts that must be accepted with authority - but a phenomenological observer's inspiration inspiring individual thinking. Such an analysis of the crisis is also an action program, and it also gives us communication theory and a new ethics. What does not require the prior election, that Bertalanffy has had with strong criticism with. This approach leads to the mental generosity shown by Ervin László in an interview. This is a true integral view, where the content of the mind and the optimum result expected from the hermeneutical structure that interpret it are not contradicted, meaning that the intellect does not resemble unity, intelligence-centred communication theory and ethics. The source code theory. The descriptive ability of Varela's phenomenological observation is the first step towards the solution