Tradition of Rokat Pandhabâ Pangantanan

Islam is a blessing for the universe. Islam is a present and accepted in a long process. Assimilation, acculturation, and conferences with similar social dimensions occur in the archipelago. Like Islam, it entered Madura through the sea around Parindu Beach, south coast of Sumenep Madura. Penetration Pasifique, the Islamic way of engaging in cultural battles with residents in Sumenep, Madura. Therefore, in its development, Islam has succeeded in basing the teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith through cross-cultural found in local traditions in Bringin village, Sumenep District, Madura Regency. This research is a historical study of the development of Islam in Sumenep, Madura through the local tradition of Rokat Panḍhâbâ Pangantanan in Bringin Village, Dasuk District, Sumenep, Madura. The theory of Milanowski’s functionalism is used to find meanings and uses in two cross-cultural relationships of Islam and Hinduism that are believed by the practitioners of the local tradition of Rokat Panḍhâbâ Pangantanan. Qualitative research methods and historical approaches are applied using comparative study techniques including sociology, anthropology-culture, philology, and multidimensionality.

Phonological Variations Are Compensated at the Lexical Level: Evidence From Auditory Neural Activity

Dealing with phonological variations is important for speech processing. This article addresses whether phonological variations introduced by assimilatory processes are compensated for at the pre-lexical or lexical level, and whether the nature of variation and the phonological context influence this process. To this end, Swedish nasal regressive place assimilation was investigated using the mismatch negativity (MMN) component. In nasal regressive assimilation, the coronal nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following segment, most clearly with a velar or labial place of articulation, as in utan mej “without me” > [ʉːtam mɛjː]. In a passive auditory oddball paradigm, 15 Swedish speakers were presented with Swedish phrases with attested and unattested phonological variations and contexts for nasal assimilation. Attested variations – a coronal-to-labial change as in utan “without” > [ʉːtam] – were contrasted with unattested variations – a labial-to-coronal change as in utom “except” > ∗[ʉːtɔn] – in appropriate and inappropriate contexts created by mej “me” [mɛjː] and dej “you” [dɛjː]. Given that the MMN amplitude depends on the degree of variation between two stimuli, the MMN responses were expected to indicate to what extent the distance between variants was tolerated by the perceptual system. Since the MMN response reflects not only low-level acoustic processing but also higher-level linguistic processes, the results were predicted to indicate whether listeners process assimilation at the pre-lexical and lexical levels. The results indicated no significant interactions across variations, suggesting that variations in phonological forms do not incur any cost in lexical retrieval; hence such variation is compensated for at the lexical level. However, since the MMN response reached significance only for a labial-to-coronal change in a labial context and for a coronal-to-labial change in a coronal context, the compensation might have been influenced by the nature of variation and the phonological context. It is therefore concluded that while assimilation is compensated for at the lexical level, there is also some influence from pre-lexical processing. The present results reveal not only signal-based perception of phonological units, but also higher-level lexical processing, and are thus able to reconcile the bottom-up and top-down models of speech processing.

Older Canadians’ Identity and Well-Being in Retirement

Retirement can be a time of identity disruption for many older adults. Identity process theory (Whitbourne et al., 2002) states that age-related changes, such as retirement, can prompt an individual to incorporate new information about themselves into their personal identity using one of three identity process: assimilation, accommodation, and balance. Additionally, individual identity and the manner in which individuals retire—voluntary or involuntary—are associated with post-retirement well-being (Newton et al., 2018). The current study examined the relationship between identity processes, planned/unplanned retirement, and hedonic (life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (meaning in life) well-being in a sample of retired Canadians. Results indicated that identity accommodation and balance were associated with both types of post-retirement well-being, whereas unplanned retirement was consistently only related to life satisfaction. This study emphasizes the importance of including individual difference factors when examining older adults’ well-being and the utility of measuring well-being in multiple ways.

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PREFIX /IN-/ IN FRENCH

This article aims to know sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French and to explain phonological process of prefix /in-/ in French. The addition of the prefix / in- / can change the meaning of words into the opposite meaning. This prefix has orthographic and phonetic variation which means there are phonological rules in it, the focus of research is on sound variations and phonological rules prefix / in- / in French. The research subject is French, while the object research is adjective in French with prefix / in- /. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with observation method and note-taking technique. The approach used is transformational generative phonology. The addition of the prefix /in-/ indicates that this prefix has a function as a negative marker (negative prefixes). The result of the analysis shows that sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French are [iŋ-], [in-], [im-], [il-], [iʁ-]. The phonological process that occurs in it is an assimilation process. Assimilation process that occurs in the form of nasalization because there are changes in the sound of consonants that are nasalized in the nasal sound environment.