Analysis of patterns of use, production, and activity in kid YouTuber channels. A longitudinal study through three cultural contexts: United States, United Kingdom, and Spain

This paper analyzes the data collected about 5,388 videos from the 15 leading channels from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States focusing on toys and in which the protagonists are children under 14 years of age (2011–2019). It aims to determine whether there are common patterns of use, production, and activity in videos by kid YouTubers. Specific software was developed to enable information to be gathered from the YouTube platform through the YouTube Data API by analyzing the date on which the video was published, length, number of visits, likes, dislikes, and visits/vote (visits/[likes+dislikes]). The main conclusions drawn are that a channel’s success is not dependent on a pattern or specific characteristics, although an impulse pattern has been detected; participation by children who consume content in the United States differs significantly from participation by those in Europe; and certain similarities based on video length and production frequency can be observed between channels.

Category Production Norms for 117 Concrete and Abstract Categories

We present a database of category production (aka semantic fluency) norms collected in the UK for 117 categories (67 concrete and 50 abstract). Participants verbally named as many category members as possible within 60 seconds, resulting in a large variety of over 2000 generated member concepts. The norms feature common measures of category production (production frequency, mean ordinal rank, first rank frequency), as well as response times for all first-named category members, and typicality ratings collected from a separate participant sample. We provide two versions of the dataset: a referential version that groups together responses that relate to the same referent (e.g., hippo, hippopotamus) and a full version that retains all original responses to enable future lexical analysis. Correlational analyses with previous norms from the US and UK demonstrate both consistencies and differences in English-language norms over time and between geographical regions. Further exploration of the norms reveals a number of structural and psycholinguistic differences between abstract and concrete categories. The data and analyses will be of use in the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, cognitive modelling, and to any researchers interested in semantic category structure. All data, including original participant recordings, are available at https://osf.io/jgcu6/.

In vitro Gynogenic Plant Production in Allium tuncelianum (Kollman) Özhatay, Matthew & Şiraneci

Allium tuncelianum (Kollman) Özhatay, Matthew & Şiraneci forms a single-cloved edible white bulb with mild garlic (A. sativum) odour and taste. Its ability to form seeds make it suitable for genetic improvement via classical and modern approaches. A detailed study was carried out to determine the gynogenesis potential of two A. tuncelianum (AT1 and AT2) accessions. Unopened flower buds of A. tuncelianum accessions were cultured in various BDS- and MS-based induction media. A total of 17 (0.09%) gynogenic plantlets were obtained from ~20000 flower buds used in gynogenesis induction experiment. Accessions showed slight differences in their responses to gynogenesis induction cultures. The highest gynogenic plantlet production frequency (0.34 %) in AT1 was achieved flower buds cultured in T12 medium (MS with 100 g/L sucrose, 1 mg/L a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 8 mg/L isopentenyl adenine (2IP). Flower buds of AT2 showed the highest gynogenic plantlet production response (0.44 %) in T2 medium (BDS with 50 g/L sucrose). Eight of 17 gynogenic plantlets continued to grow and became healthy plants with green leaves and well established roots. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of well-developed gynogenic plants showed that two were haploid (25 %), four were diploid (50 %), and two were mixoploid (25 %) for haploid and diploid cells. Nine gynogenic plantlets showing abnormal development were diploid. Therefore, formation of gynogenic plantlets with abnormal phenotypes was likely due to genetic factors. Results obtained from this study suggest use of DH technology in the production of homozygous A. tuncelianum inbreeds in variety improvement programs.

Tattoos as a window onto cross-linguistic differences in scalar implicature

This paper addresses the question of how to predict which alternatives are active in scalar implicature calculation, and the nature of this activation. It has been observed that finger implicates 'not thumb', and a Manner-based explanation for this has been proposed, predicting that if English had the simplex Latin word pollex meaning 'thumb or big toe', then finger would cease to have the implicature 'not thumb' that it has. It has also been suggested that this hypothetical pollex would have to be sufficiently colloquial in order to figure in scalar implicature calculation. This paper makes this thought experiment into a real one by using a language that behaves in exactly this way: Spanish has pulgar 'thumb' (< pollex), a non-colloquial form. We first use a fill-in-the-blank production task with both English and Spanish speakers to guage the likelihood with which a speaker will produce a given form as a way of describing a given digit. Production frequency does not perfectly track complexity, so we can then ask whether comprehension follows production frequency or complexity. We do so using a forced choice comprehension task, which reveals cross-linguistic differences in comprehension tracking production probabilities. A comparison between two RSA models -- one in which the speaker perfectly replicates our production data and a standard one in which the speaker chooses based on a standard cost/accuracy trade-off -- illustrates the fact that comprehension is much more closely tied to production probability than to the mere existence of sufficiently simple alternatives.

Virioplankton as an important component of plankton in the Volga Reservoirs

The distribution of virioplankton, abundance and production, frequency of visibly infected cells of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic picocyanobacteria and their virus-induced mortality have been studied in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs of the Upper and Middle Volga (Ivankovo, Uglich, Rybinsk, Gorky, Cheboksary, and Sheksna reservoirs). The abundance of planktonic viruses (VA) is on average by 4.6 ± 1.2 times greater than the abundance of bacterioplankton (BA). The distribution of VA in the Volga reservoirs was largely determined by the distribution of BA and heterotrophic bacterioplankton production (PB). There was a positive correlation between VA and BA and between VA and PB. In addition, BA and VA were both positively correlated with primary production of phytoplankton. Viral particles of 60 to 100 µm in size dominated in the phytoplankton composition. A large number of bacteria and picocyanobacteria with viruses attached to the surface of their cells were found in the reservoirs. Viruses as the most numerous component of plankton make a significant contribution to the formation of the planktonic microbial community biomass. The number of phages inside infected cells of bacteria and picocyanobacteria reached 74‒109 phages/cell. Easily digestible organic matter, which entered the aquatic environment as a result of viral lysis of bacteria and picocyanobacteria, could be an additional source of carbon for living bacteria. The results of long-term studies indicate a significant role of viruses in functioning of planktonic microbial communities in the Volga reservoirs.

Role of percutaneous testis biopsy in management of patients with azoospermia

Purpose of the study. To determine the practical value of puncture methods for obtaining spermatozoa in azoospermia. Patients and methods. The results of 127 puncture biopsies of testis (TESA) and testicular appendage (PESA) in patients with azoospermia of presumably obstructive origin were analyzed. The sperm production frequency (SPF) was calculated, as well as the frequency of transition to an open testicular biopsy. Was built a logistic regression model to analyze factors influencing the result, TESA / PESA, which included as independent variables the following parameters: patient age, duration of involuntary infertility, the level of sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, progesterone, inhibin B), the total volume of testes, presence of varicocele, the presence of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, a history of alcohol abuse, Smoking, regular violation of the thermal mode, surgery in the inguinal and scrotal region. Indicators of the probability ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were obtained. Results. 92 biopsy attempts out of 127 were successful, and the NPV was 72.4%. Independent statistically significant predictors of PESA / TESA success were testicular volume (PR = 1.113; 95% CI = 1.026–1.207) and inhibin b level (PR = 1.026; 95% CI = 1.011–1.041). In 35 patients whose spermatozoa were not found during the puncture biopsy, conversion to open microsurgical biopsy was performed. Conclusion. PESA and TESA have only limited effectiveness in azoospermia. We believe that puncture biopsy of the testicles and epididymis is justified only in patients with normal testicular volume and high levels of inhibin B. PESA / TESA should be performed in conditions that allow immediate transition to an open biopsy in case of failure.

Penerapan Metode EPQ(Economic Production Quantity) Pada Pengendalian Bahan Baku Laundry Di Samarinda Laundry Mart Barbasis Android

Samarinda Laundry Mart is a business that provides laundry services, besides that it is also a supplier of laundry raw materials in Samarinda. Control of laundry raw materials in the laundry business is a complicated problem. Therefore one method that can be used for raw material control is the EPQ method (Economic Production Quantity) where the EPQ method can determine the optimal production level, optimal production frequency, optimal time cycle to minimize total inventory costs. The results of this study are made inventory control applications using the EPQ method that can make calculations automatically. Only by entering monthly data that is already available. Users can also make transactions using the application so that all data has been integrated in the database to facilitate management in the laundry business. In addition, this application can also print transaction reports and turnover reports.