A Scoping Review of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Technology in Online Mental Healthcare: What is Underway and What Place for Ethics and Law? (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Uncertainty surrounds the ethical and legal implications of algorithmic and data-driven technologies in the mental health context, including technologies variously characterised as artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning. OBJECTIVE We aimed to survey scholarly literature on algorithmic and data-driven technologies used in online mental health interventions with a view to identify the legal and ethical issues raised. METHODS We searched for peer-reviewed literature about algorithmic decision systems in mental healthcare used in online platforms. Scopus, Embase and ACM were searched. 1078 relevant peer-reviewed research studies were identified, which were narrowed to 132 empirical research papers for review based on selection criteria. We thematically analysed the papers to address our aims. RESULTS We grouped the findings into five categories of technology: social media (n=53), smartphones (n=37), sensing technology (n=20), chatbots (n=5), and other/miscellaneous (n=17). Most initiatives were directed toward “detection and diagnosis”. Most papers discussed privacy, principally in terms of respecting research participants” privacy, with relatively little discussion of privacy in context. A small number of studies discussed ethics as an explicit category of concern (n=19). Legal issues were not substantively discussed in any studies, though seven studies noted some legal issues in passing, such as the rights of user-subjects and compliance with relevant privacy and data protection law. CONCLUSIONS Ethics tend not to be explicitly addressed in the broad scholarship on algorithmic and data-driven technologies in online mental health initiatives—even less so legal issues. Scholars may have considered ethical or legal matters at the ethics committee/institutional review board stage of their empirical research but this consideration seldom appears in published material in any detail. We identify several concerns, including the near complete lack of involvement of service users, the scant consideration of ‘algorithmic accountability’, and the potential for over-medicalisation and techno-solutionism. Most papers were published in the computer science field at a pilot or exploratory stage. Thus, these technologies could be appropriated into practice in rarely acknowledged ways, with serious legal and ethical implications.

Examination on Budgetary Control

Arranging incorporates the establishment of predestined goals, the itemizing of genuine execution results and evaluation of execution with respect to the destined targets. Budgetary control structures are comprehensive and have been seen as an essential contraption for cash related orchestrating. The inspiration driving budgetary control is to give a figure of livelihoods and utilizations this is practiced through structure a model of how our business may perform fiscally if certain philosophies, events and plans are finished. Most firms use spending control as the fundamental techniques for corporate inside controls, it gives an extensive the board stage to beneficial and effective assignment of advantages. Budgetary controls enable the supervisory group to make courses of action for the future through executing those plans and watching activities to see whether they fit in with the game plan, suitable use of budgetary control is a huge affirmation for the feasible use of spending plan in the affiliation. This assessment broke down the budgetary control in Non-Governmental Organizations and its effects on their display. The investigation target masses included 7,127 Non-Governmental Organizations[1],[ 3],[5]

Statistical energy analysis parameter estimation for different structural junctions of rectangular plates

In industries, the use of appropriate junctions between components is of paramount interest. Coupling loss factor is one of the important parameters in statistical energy analysis for vibroacoustic analysis of complicated structures in drawing board stage. The values of coupling loss factor were calculated and compared for different junctions. The screwed and bolted junctions were examined for thin rectangular plates of same size. The energy level difference method was used to find coupling loss factors because of its simplicity. These experimentally found coupling loss factors were later compared with analytical solutions. It is noticed that the analytical results are in good agreement with experimental results. It is also observed that coupling loss factor for bolted junction are relatively high than that for screwed junction.

Reflection Phase Shift for PWB and PCBA Production Testing

Testing of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) is part of electronics production that has a great impact on profitability. High throughput and low cost testing is always needed for high quality and reliability. Bare board testing, that is, testing before loading components, is crucial, and can detect such defects as opens, bridges, near-opens, near-bridges, and characteristic impedance mismatches due to process variations and compounding raw material tolerances. If not detected at the bare board stage, the cost of defects can increase 10-fold. Another motivation for an unpopulated board test is that loading expensive components on a set of defective boards could be economically catastrophic. Flying probe systems, which were developed in late 1980s, are commonly used and favorable to perform bare board isolation and continuity testing, especially when the volume is not great enough to justify bed-of-nails purchase. Flying probe system performance for a given bare board depends on the test algorithm, the mechanical speed, and the number of probes. To reduce the cost on expensive test probes and probe maintenance and to accelerate the test time, this paper presents a new and cost-efficient approach to testing both populated and unpopulated boards with open sockets, using a single probe. Specifically, a coaxial probe injects one frequency signal into the PWB trace, and the phase shift between the reflected signal from the trace and the incident wave is detected and compared with the nominal value. This nominal value is determined by testing a defect-free board that already passed direct continuity and isolation testing. By applying this test solution to bed-of-nails equipment, we reduce the amount of probes by 50%. By employing this solution to flying probe systems with two probes, for a given design with NI isolated traces and NA adjacent pairs, we reduce the number of tests from (NI + NA) tests to NI tests as isolation and continuity are performed in one go. Flying probe systems involve mechanical movements that dominate the test time. By reducing the number of mechanical movements, we will dramatically increase test throughput. The experiments demonstrate feasibility for practical use in automatic test equipment (ATE) for PWB and PCBA testing. At the highest sensitivity of the phase shift detector, the prototyped tester is capable of distinguishing between a defective and error-free board with significant margins in case of defects such as opens, DC and RF bridges, and exceeded and different width lines. The margin in the measurement between a defective and a correct board, which depends on the type of the defect, is about 7% to 68%. In the case of loaded board testing, the approach is capable of detecting opens with important margins (our test cases showed 40% and 33%), which makes it a strong candidate approach to be applied officially to PCBA testing where probing is feasible. The approach can be applied to the complete layout or to boost the test strategy where the applied test solutions do not cover 100% of the possible defects.

Micro-Object Orientation Control by Using Different Vibration Modes of Board Stage

This paper deals with an orientation control method for micro objects, which have a size in the order of 100 micro meters, by using a board stage that is vibrated in the natural frequencies of various vibration modes. Orientation control is important for manufacturing processes, such as the assembling of small parts. Since it is difficult to grip and to manipulate micro objects, a simple and reliable method is desired. In this paper, the vibration mode is used for generating different motions of the stage and for controlling the orientation of the objects on the stage. Since each vibration mode has a unique vibration motion, different motions can be selected by choosing the vibration frequency. In order to design the stage so that the objects turn toward target direction, Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis was applied. And, the designed vibration stage was fabricated using a stainless steel thin plate. Experimental results showed that the actual vibration is similar with the simulation results. As an example of the orientation control of the micro objects, some small electronics parts were tested and they could be turned toward the target directions.

Non-Steady State Thermal Performance of Electrical Machines

Because the ratings of electrical machines continue to increase, there is a growing need to be able to predict their thermal performance under the transient conditions caused by overloading or stop-start operation. The design of electrical machines is often too complex to make an analytic solution feasible, but a general numerical method has been developed to predict component temperatures at the drawing-board stage. The problem to be solved is represented by a thermal resistance-capacitance network, the resulting set of simultaneous equations being solved by a digital computer employing a step-by-step procedure. The number of network nodal points at which the temperature can be calculated is at present restricted by computer storage space to 150, therefore the fully three-dimensional problems which can be solved are of limited complexity. However, the majority of electrical machines can be simplified by assuming axial symmetry, which permits a large variety of problems to fall within the capabilities of this technique.