The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical composition of soils and their relationship with successional vegetation. The study was conducted in the area of influence of fluvial volcanic muds in the central region of Colombia. The physical variables of texture, porosity, humidity, color, apparent density, real density; and chemical variables of pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, major elements, minor elements, Al saturation, base saturation, Ca/Mg relation, (Ca+Mg)/K relation, and Mg/K relation were analyzed. A multivariate analysis between variables and descriptive of the soil–vegetation relationship was carried out. Physically, there was a negative correlation between apparent density with %porosity and real density with humidity content. The texture was classified as sandy loam and the structure as granular-crumbly type. Chemically, there was a negative correlation between pH, Mg/K relation, (Ca+Mg)/K relation, and Al saturation; a positive correlation between P, Mn, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg, and base saturation. Furthermore, Na and K did not show any interaction relationship. The predominant plant species are distributed in the families Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil present conditions that allow the establishment and continuation of successional vegetation with a dominance of tree and shrub growth habit.