A Tangent-Line Approach for Effective Density Used in the Ideal Mixing Rule: Part II—Evaluation of Mixing Characteristics of Oil/Gas Systems and Application Criteria

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 3160-3185
Author(s):  
Zehua Chen ◽  
Daoyong (Tony) Yang
Keyword(s):  
Tangent Line ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Mixing Characteristics ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Solvent Fraction ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Real Density

Summary Although in Part I of this study (Chen and Yang 2020) we developed a tangent-line approach for effective density that is more general, robust, and flexible than the methods proposed by Saryazdi (2012) and Saryazdi et al. (2013), its application is only limited to heavy-oil/bitumen-associated mixtures [i.e., specifically, it has only been applied to bitumen-rich liquid phase (denoted as L2)]. As indicated in Part I, the density of nitrogen (N2)/hydrocarbon mixtures cannot be accurately predicted by using the ideal mixing rule (IM) with either real density or effective density. Not only do we need to explain and evaluate the observed deviations and patterns, but also the density prediction of solvent/Fraction 1 systems [i.e., Fraction 1 of the Athabasca bitumen, which has a molecular weight (MW) of 268.8 g/mol, as reported in Azinfar et al. (2018a, 2018b, 2018c)] needs to be improved for practical use. In this study, we evaluate the mixing characteristics of different molecules in a mixture using the tangent-line approach. By evaluating and comparing performances of the IM with effective density (IM-E) and the IM with real density (IM-R), the observed patterns and deviations together with those calculated from the Westman equation indicate that the oil/gas molecules somewhat behave like solid particles in mixing. Accordingly, we further modify the effective density used in the IM to bridge the gap between the IM-E and the IM-R. The database has been extended to light-oil/gas systems such as black oils, volatile oils, gas condensates, carbon dioxide (CO2) miscible fluids, sour gases, and wet/dry gases. The IM with modified effective density (IM-ME) has also been applied to solvent/Fraction 1 systems and the C2 or C3 or n-C4-extraction L1 phase (bitumen-related mixtures) with better accuracy. Also, we develop new criteria for the uses of the IM-E, IM-ME, and IM-R that can cover the density predictions for almost all types of oil/gas systems in the petroleum industry with high accuracy. The performances of the IM are thoroughly evaluated and compared with the volume-translated (VT) Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) (VT PR EOS), from which the deviations provide new insights for accurately quantifying the mixture density in a more robust and reliable manner.

A Tangent-Line Approach for Effective Density Used in Ideal Mixing Rule: Part I—Prediction of Density for Heavy-Oil/Bitumen Associated Systems

SPE Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 1140-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehua Chen ◽  
Daoyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Tangent Line ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Rich Liquid ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
The Ideal

Summary Accurate prediction of density of an oil/gas mixture by using the ideal mixing (IM) rule is a great challenge, and its progress is still far from satisfactory. The method proposed by Standing and Katz (1942) for determining methane and ethane apparent densities is limited to only black oils and volatile oils. The methods recently proposed by Saryazdi (2012) and Saryazdi et al. (2013) to determine effective densities of methane through n-heptane (C1 through n-C7) and CO2 have shown some success, respectively, though limitations remain and the extent of their applications is still constrained. In this study, we developed a tangent-line approach for the effective density of C1 through n-C8, CO2, N2, toluene, cyclohexane, and dimethyl ether (DME). This method is more general and flexible than the extrapolation method proposed by Saryazdi (2012). A comprehensive database is established to first develop new correlations with one set of data and then compare them with the other. We successfully extended using the IM rule with effective density (IM-E) to condensate/bitumen systems, solvent/bitumen fraction systems, and solvent/bitumen systems with substantial extraction [i.e., emergence of a solvent-rich liquid phase (denoted as the L1 phase)] by properly treating the densities of condensate, bitumen fractions, extracts, and residues. This study focuses on heavy-oil/bitumen-associated systems, and the observed patterns and trends for different systems will be presented and explained in Part II of this study (Chen and Yang 2020).

scholarly journals THE POSSIBLE DI-OMEGA DIBARYON IN QUARK CLUSTER MODEL

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1460120 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. DAI ◽  
J. LIU ◽  
L. YUAN
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
Nucleon Scattering ◽  
Scalar Mesons ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
The Ideal

The mixing of scalar mesons is introduced into the baryon-baryon system in the chiral SU(3) quark model to further dynamically investigate the Di-omega state by using the same parameters as those in reasonably describing the experimental hyperon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleon scattering data. Two different mixings of scalar mesons, the ideal mixing and 19° mixing, are discussed, and compared with no mixing. The results show that it is still deeply bound state if 19° mixing is adopted, the same as those of no mixing. However, for ideal mixing, the binding energy is reduced quite a lot, yet it is still a bound state.

COATED GLASS MICROSPHERES IN ERF APPLICATIONS

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (06n07) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR J. STIPANOVIC
Keyword(s):  
Base Fluid ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Glass Spheres ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Er Fluids ◽  
Glass Surfaces

ER fluids (ERFs) typically consist of a concentrated dispersion of solid particles in a non-conducting base fluid. As a result, particle sedimentation represents a significant problem for many formulations since, in most cases, the particulate phase is of higher density than the base fluid. To remedy this situation, higher density fluids have been widely used in ERFs (ρ > 1.1 g/cc) rather than less expensive mineral oils that display lower densities (0.8-0.9 g/cc). An alternative approach to density "matching" has been explored by Qi and Shaw who have successfully developed ERF particles based on low density, micron-sized hollow glass "balloons" that are polymer coated. These microballons are commercially available from the PQ Corporation and they exhibit an effective density of 0.7 g/cc. Using these materials, it becomes possible to engineer ERF particles that are "neutrally buoyant" in mineral oils by adjusting the coating weight of an ER active polymer on the glass spheres. In this study, a simple solution coating process was developed exploiting the unique surface chemistry of glass which contains -Si-O-Si- and -Si-OH sites capable of hydrogen bonding with hydrophillic polymers. A number of water-soluble ionic polysaccharides were evaluated as coatings because of their ability to form hydrogen bonds with glass surfaces. A synthetic alcohol-soluble polymer, sulfonated polyphenylene oxide, was also evaluated because of its thermal stability and mechanical durability.

scholarly journals CFD simulations of stirred-tank reactors for gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems using OpenFOAM®

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Hu ◽  
Aziz Dogan Ilgun ◽  
Alberto Passalacqua ◽  
Rodney O. Fox ◽  
Francesco Bertola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactors ◽  
Tank Reactor

Abstract An open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® is used to simulate two multiphase stirred-tank reactors relevant to industrial processes such as slurry polymerization and fuel production. Gas-liquid simulations are first performed in a single-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Ford, J. J., T. J. Heindel, T. C. Jensen, and J. B. Drake. 2008. “X-Ray Computed Tomography of a Gas-Sparged Stirred-Tank Reactor.” Chemical Engineering Science 63: 2075–85. Three impeller rotation speeds (200, 350 and 700 rpm) with three different bubble diameters (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mm) are investigated. Flow patterns compared qualitatively to those from experiments. Compared to the experimental data, the simulations are in relatively good agreement for gas holdup in the reactor. The second multiphase system is a multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Shewale, S. D., and A. B. Pandit. 2006. “Studies in Multiple Impeller Agitated Gas-Liquid Contractors.” Chemical Engineering Science 61: 486–504. Gas-liquid simulations are performed at two impeller rotation speeds (3.75 and 5.08 RPS). The simulated flow patterns agree with published pictures from the experiments. Gas-liquid-solid simulations of the multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor are also carried out at impeller rotation speed 5.08 RPS. The addition of solid particles with a volume fraction characteristic of slurry reactors changes the flow pattern significantly. The bottom Rushton turbine becomes flooded, while the upper pitched-blade downflow turbines present a radial-pumping flow pattern instead of down-pumping. Nonetheless, the solid phase has a similar flow pattern to the liquid phase, indicating that the particles modify the effective density of the fluid.

The possible strangeness dibaryon states in a chiral quark model

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (09) ◽  
pp. 1550048
Author(s):  
L. R. Dai ◽  
L. Yuan ◽  
N. Zheng ◽  
X. S. Kang ◽  
S. L. Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quark Model ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Good Description ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Chiral Quark Model ◽  
Scalar Mesons ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
The Ideal

Considering the mixing of scalar mesons, the ΩΩ and Ξ*Ω systems are dynamically investigated within the framework of the chiral SU(3) quark model by solving the resonating group method (RGM) equation. The model parameters are taken from our previous work, which gave a good description of the energies of the baryon ground states, the binding energy of deuteron, and the experimental data of the nucleon–nucleon (NN) and nucleon–hyperon (NY) scattering processes. Two different mixing cases, one is the ideal mixing and another is 19° mixing, are discussed. The results show that no matter what kind of mixing is adopted, the ΩΩ and Ξ*Ω systems are still bound states. It is also shown that they are deeply bound if 19° mixing is adopted.

scholarly journals The ideal mixing departure in vector meson physics

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Epele ◽  
H. Fanchiotti ◽  
A.G. Grunfeld
Keyword(s):  
Vector Meson ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
The Ideal

CORRELATION BETWEEN BULK AND SURFACE PHENOMENA IN Ga-(Bi,In) AND In-Bi LIQUID ALLOYS

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 3039-3053 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. AKINLADE ◽  
I. ALI ◽  
R. N. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Functions ◽  
Liquid Alloys ◽  
Interaction Energies ◽  
Negative Deviation ◽  
Positive Deviation ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Mixing Condition ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Ideal

Thermodynamic models are used to correlate the bulk and surface properties of mixing of Ga-(Bi,In) and In-Bi liquid alloys. It provides useful insight into the energetics of binary alloys (Ga-Bi, Ga-In and In-Bi) which are constituent components of ternary Ga-In-Bi alloys. The positive deviation of the properties of Ga-Bi and Ga-In alloys from the ideal mixing condition and negative deviation for In-Bi are discussed in terms of the interaction energies and hence a consistent set of different thermodynamic functions are obtained as a function of composition. Our calculations indicate that the surface of Ga-Bi is richer with Bi- atoms than in In-Bi. However, in atoms segregate to the surface of the Ga-In alloys.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document